by Benoît Dubé and Patrice Gosselin

PDF version [PDF, 6.0 Mb, viewer]

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits typically occur in deformed greenstone belts of all ages, especially those with variolitic tholeiitic basalts and ultramafic komatiitic flows intruded by intermediate to felsic porphyry intrusions, and sometimes with swarms of albitite or lamprophyre dyke. They are distributed along major compressional to transtensional crustal-scale fault zones in deformed greenstone terranes commonly marking the convergent margins between major lithological boundaries, such as volcano-plutonic and sedimentary domains. The large greenstonehosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are commonly spatially associated with fluvio-alluvial conglomerate (e.g. Timiskaming conglomerate) distributed along major crustal fault zones (e.g. Destor Porcupine Fault). This association suggests an empirical time and space relationship between large-scale deposits and regional unconformities.

These types of deposits are most abundant and significant, in terms of total gold content, in Archean terranes. However, a significant number of world-class deposits are also found in Proterozoic and Paleozoic terranes. In Canada, they represent the main source of gold and are mainly located in the Archean greenstone belts of the Superior and Slave provinces. They also occur in the Paleozoic greenstone terranes of the Appalachian orogen and in the oceanic terranes of the Cordillera.

The greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits correspond to structurally controlled complex epigenetic deposits characterized by simple to complex networks of gold-bearing, laminated quartz-carbonate fault-fill veins. These veins are hosted by moderately to steeply dipping, compressional brittle-ductile shear zones and faults with locally associated shallow-dipping extensional veins and hydrothermal breccias. The deposits are hosted by greenschist to locally amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks of dominantly mafic composition and formed at intermediate depth (5- 10 km). The mineralization is syn- to late-deformation and typically post-peak greenschist -facies or syn-peak amphibolite- facies metamorphism. They are typically associated with iron-carbonate alteration. Gold is largely confined to the quartz-carbonate vein network but may also be present in significant amounts within iron-rich sulphidized wall-rock selvages or within silicified and arsenopyrite-rich replacement zones.

There is a general consensus that the greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are related to metamorphic fluids from accretionary processes and generated by prograde metamorphism and thermal re-equilibration of subducted volcano-sedimentary terranes. The deep-seated, Au-transporting metamorphic fluid has been channelled to higher crustal levels through major crustal faults or deformation zones. Along its pathway, the fluid has dissolved various components - notably gold - from the volcano-sedimentary packages, including a potential gold-rich precursor. The fluid then precipitated as vein material or wall-rock replacement in second and third order structures at higher crustal levels through fluid-pressure cycling processes and temperature, pH and other physico-chemical variations.

Simplified Definition

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits occur as quartz and quartz-carbonate veins, with valuable amounts of gold and silver, in faults and shear zones located within deformed terranes of ancient to recent greenstone belts commonly metamorphosed at greenschist facies.

Scientific Definition

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are a subtype of lode gold deposits (Poulsen et al., 2000) (Fig. 1). They are also known as mesothermal, orogenic (mesozonal and hypozonal - the near surface orogenic epizonal Au-Sb-Hg deposits described by Groves et al. (1998) are not included in this synthesis), lode gold, shear-zone-related quartzcarbonate or gold-only deposits (Hodgson and MacGeehan, 1982; Roberts, 1987; Colvine, 1989; Kerrich and Wyman, 1990; Robert, 1990; Kerrich and Feng, 1992; Hodgson, 1993; Kerrich and Cassidy, 1994; Robert, 1995; Groves et al., 1998; Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000; Kerrich et al., 2000; Poulsen et al., 2000; Goldfarb et al., 2001; Robert and Poulsen, 2001; Groves et al., 2003; Goldfarb et al., 2005; Robert et al., 2005). The focus of the following text is mainly on Canadian examples and particularly those deposits found in the Abitibi Archean greenstone belt. For a complete global perspective, readers are referred to the above list of selected key references.

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are structurally controlled, complex epigenetic deposits that are hosted in deformed and metamorphosed terranes. They consist of simple to complex networks of gold-bearing, laminated quartz-carbonate fault-fill veins in moderately to steeply dipping, compressional brittle-ductile shear zones and faults, with locally associated extensional veins and hydrothermal breccias. They are dominantly hosted by mafic metamorphic rocks of greenschist to locally lower amphibolite facies and formed at intermediate depths (5-10 km). Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are typically associated with iron-carbonate alteration. The relative timing of mineralization is syn- to late-deformation and typically post-peak greenschist-facies or syn-peak amphibolitefacies metamorphism. They are formed from low salinity, H₂O-CO₂-rich hydrothermal fluids with typically anomalous concentrations of CH₄, N₂, K, and S. Gold is mainly confined to the quartz-carbonate vein networks but may also be present in significant amounts within iron-rich sulphidized wall rock. Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are distributed along major compressional to transpressional crustal-scale fault zones in deformed greenstone terranes of all ages, but are more abundant and significant, in terms of total gold content, in Archean terranes. However, a significant number of world-class deposits (>100 t Au) are also found in Proterozoic and Paleozoic terranes. International examples of this subtype of gold deposits include Mt. Charlotte, Norseman, and Victory (Australia), Bulyanhulu (Tanzania), and Kolar (India) (Fig. 2). Canadian examples include Sigma-Lamaque (Québec), Dome and Pamour (Ontario), Giant and Con (Northwest Territories), San Antonio (Manitoba), Hammer Down (Newfoundland), and Bralorne-Pioneer (British Columbia). Detailed characteristics and references are found in the text below. The reader may refer to Appendix 1 for a list of geographical, geological, and economical characteristics of Canadian gold deposits with more than 250 000 oz Au in combined production and reserves (data from Gosselin and Dubé, 2005b).

Summary of Economic Characteristics

The total world production and reserves of gold, including the Witwatersrand paleoplacer deposits, stands at more than 126 420 metric tonnes Au (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005a). World production and reserves for the greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposit subtype is 15 920 metric tonnes Au (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005a), which is equivalent to 13% of the total world production and puts them in second place for world productivity behind paleoplacers. Total Canadian production and reserves, at 9 280 metric tonnes Au, represent 7% of the world total. However, Canadian production and reserves for the greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein subtype are 5 510 metric tonnes, which constitutes 35% of the world production for this deposit subtype, and 59% of the total Canadian production and reserves of gold. The Superior province contains 86% (4 760 metric tonnes) of Canadian gold production and reserves for greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate vein deposits (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005a,b). The Abitibi sub-province is the main source and represents 81% (4 470 metric tonnes) of the total Canadian gold.

There are 103 known greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits world-wide containing at least 30 tonnes (~1 M oz) Au (production and reserves), including 31 Canadian deposits, whereas 33 other deposits in Canada, and several hundred worldwide, contain more than 7.5 tonnes (~250 000 oz) but less than 30 tonnes (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005b). A select group of 41 world-class deposits contains more than 100 tonnes Au, including 11 giant deposits with more than 250 tonnes. In this group of world-class deposits, six are from the Abitibi greenstone belt of the Canadian Archean Superior Province (Fig. 3). The Superior Province is the largest and best preserved Archean craton in terms of greenstone-hosted gold endowment, followed by the Yilgarn craton of Australia.

The temporal and geographic distribution of greenstonehosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits is shown on Figure 2. Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits occur in greenstone terranes of all ages. Although they are present in Paleozoic to Tertiary terranes, they are mainly concentrated in Precambrian terranes, and particularly in those of late Archean age. In Canada, all the world-class deposits but one (Bralorne-Pioneer) are of late Archean age. Their concentration in the Archean is thought to be related to 1) continental growth and the related higher number of large-scale collisions between continental fragments (and/or arc complex), and 2) the associated development of major faults and largescale hydrothermal fluid flow during the supercontinent cycle and mantle plume activity (cf. Barley and Groves, 1992; Condie, 1998; Kerrich et al., 2000; Goldfarb et al., 2001).

Grade and Tonnage Characteristics

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are second on total tonnage of gold only to the Witwatersrand paleoplacers of South Africa. The largest greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate vein deposit in terms of total gold content is the Golden Mile complex in Kalgoorlie, Australia, with more than 1800 tonnes Au (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005a). The Hollinger- McIntyre deposit in Timmins, Ontario, is the second largest deposit of such type ever found with 987 tonnes Au (Gosselin and Dubé, 2005a). In contrast to the Golden Mile complex, open pit mining of the Hollinger-McIntyre deposit is now impossible due to housing, which leaves a significant part of the total gold content of the deposit inaccessible.

The average grade of greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate deposits is fairly consistent, ranging from 5 to 15 g/t Au, whereas the tonnage is highly variable and ranges from a few thousand tonnes to over 100 million tonnes of ore, although more typically these deposits contain only a few million tonnes of ore (Fig. 4).

Comparison of Grade and Tonnage Characteristics with the Global Range

In Canada, this type of gold deposit is widely distributed from the Paleozoic greenstone terranes of the Appalachian Orogen on the east coast (e.g. Hammer Down and Deer Cove Newfoundland, Dubé et al., 1993; Gaboury et al., 1996), through the Archean greenstone belts of the Superior (Dome and Sigma-Lamaque) and Slave provinces (Con and Giant) in central Canada, to the oceanic terranes of the Cordillera (Bralorne-Pioneer).

The average gold grade of world-class Canadian deposits is 10 g/t, which is slightly higher than the average for this type of deposit worldwide (7.6 g/t, Fig. 5). World-class deposits in Canada have on average lower tonnage (20.91 Mt of ore) than those worldwide (39.91 Mt). Perhaps this is in part because mining in Canada has traditionally taken place underground, whereas in other countries open pits have also been developed.

Physical Properties

Mineralogy

The main gangue minerals in greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate vein deposits are quartz and carbonate (calcite, dolomite, ankerite, and siderite), with variable amounts of white micas, chlorite, tourmaline, and sometimes scheelite. The sulphide minerals typically constitute less than 5 to 10% of the volume of the orebodies. The main ore minerals are native gold with, in decreasing amounts, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite and occur without any significant vertical mineral zoning. Arsenopyrite commonly represents the main sulphide in amphibolite-facies rocks (e.g. Con and Giant) and in deposits hosted by clastic sediments. Trace amounts of molybdenite and tellurides are also present in some deposits, such as those hosted by syenite in Kirkland Lake (Thompson et al., 1950; Fig. 6A, B).

Textures

This type of gold deposit is characterized by moderately to steeply dipping, laminated fault-fill quartz-carbonate veins (Fig. 7A, B, C) in brittle-ductile shear zones and faults, with or without fringing shallow-dipping extensional veins and breccias (Fig. 7D, E). Quartz vein textures vary according to the nature of the host structure (extensional vs. compressional). Extensional veins typically display quartz and carbonate fibres at a high angle to the vein walls and with multiple stages of mineral growth (Fig. 7E), whereas the laminated veins are composed of massive, fine-grained quartz. When present in laminated veins, fibres are subparallel to the vein walls (Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001).

Dimensions

Individual vein thickness varies from a few centimetres up to 5 metres, and their length varies from 10 up to 1000 m. The vertical extent of the orebodies is commonly greater than 1 km and reaches 2.5 km in a few cases (e.g. the Kirkland Lake deposit, Charlewood, 1964).

Morphology

The gold-bearing shear zones and faults associated with this deposit type are mainly compressional and they commonly display a complex geometry with anastomosing and/or conjugate arrays (Daigneault and Archambault, 1990; Hodgson, 1993; Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001). The laminated quartz-carbonate veins typically infill the central part of, and are subparallel to slightly oblique to, the host structures (Hodgson, 1989; Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001) (Fig. 8). The shallow-dipping extensional veins are either confined within shear zones, in which case they are relatively small and sigmoidal in shape, or they extend outside the shear zone and are planar and laterally much more extensive (Robert et al., 1994).

Stockworks and hydrothermal breccias may represent the main mineralization styles when developed in competent units such as the granophyric facies of differentiated gabbroic sills (e.g. San Antonio deposit, Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001), especially when developed at shallower crustal levels. Ore-grade mineralization also occurs as disseminated sulphides in altered (carbonatized) rocks along vein selvages. Due to the complexity of the geological and structural setting and the influence of strength anisotropy and competency contrasts, the geometry of vein networks varies from simple (e.g. Silidor deposit), to fairly complex with multiple orientations of anastomosing and/or conjugate sets of veins, breccias, stockworks, and associated structures (Dubé et al., 1989; Hodgson, 1989, Belkabir et al., 1993; Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001). Layer anisotropy induced by stiff differentiated gabbroic sills within a matrix of softer rocks, or, alternatively, by the presence of soft mafic dykes within a highly competent felsic intrusive host, could control the orientation and slip directions in shear zones developed within the sills; consequently, it may have a major impact on the distribution and geometry of the associated quartz-carbonate vein network (Dubé et al., 1989; Belkabir et al., 1993). As a consequence, the geometry of the veins in settings with large competence contrasts will be strongly controlled by the orientation of the hosting bodies and less by external stress. The anisotropy of the stiff layer and its orientation may induce an internal strain different from the regional one and may strongly influence the success of predicting the geometry of the gold-bearing vein network being targeted in an exploration program (Dubé et al., 1989; Robert et al., 1994).

Host Rocks

The veins in greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are hosted by a wide variety of host rock types; mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks and competent iron-rich differentiated tholeiitic gabbroic sills and granitoid intrusions are common hosts. However, there are commonly district- specific lithological associations acting as chemical and/or structural traps for the mineralizing fluids as illustrated by tholeiitic basalts and flow contacts within the Tisdale Assemblage in Timmins (cf. Hodgson and MacGeehan, 1982; Brisbin, 1997). A large number of deposits in the Archean Yilgarn craton are hosted by gabbroic ("dolerite") sills and dykes (Solomon et al., 2000) as illustrated by the Golden Mile dolerite sill in Kalgoorlie (Bartram and McGall, 1971; Travis et al., 1971; Groves et al., 1984), whereas in the Superior Province, many deposits are associated with porphyry stocks and dykes (Hodgson and McGeehan, 1982). Some deposits are also hosted by and/or along the margins of intrusive complexes (e.g. Perron- Beaufort/North Pascalis deposit hosted by the Bourlamaque batholith in Val d'Or (Belkabir et al., 1993; Robert, 1994)). Other deposits are hosted by clastic sedimentary rocks (e.g. Pamour, Timmins).

Chemical Properties

Ore Chemistry

The metallic geochemical signature of greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein orebodies is Au, Ag, As, W, B, Sb, Te, and Mo, typically with background or only slightly anomalous concentrations of base metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). The Au/Ag ratio typically varies from 5 to 10. Contrary to epithermal deposits, there is no vertical metal zoning. Palladium is locally present as illustrated by the syndefor-mation auriferous quartz or hematite-quartz veins hosted by Proterozoic iron formation in Brazil (Olivo et al., 1995).

Alteration Mineralogy and Chemistry

At a district scale, greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are associated with large-scale carbonate alteration (Fig. 9A, B) commonly distributed along major fault zones and associated subsidiary structures. At a deposit scale, the nature, distribution, and intensity of the wall-rock alteration is controlled mainly by the composition and competence of the host rocks and their metamorphic grade. Typically, the proximal alteration haloes are zoned and characterized – in rocks at greenschist facies – by iron-carbonatization and sericitization, with sulphidation of the immediate vein selvages (mainly pyrite, less commonly arsenopyrite). Altered rocks show enrichments in CO2, K2O, and S, and leaching of Na2O. Further away from the vein, the alteration is characterized by various amounts of chlorite and calcite, and locally magnetite (Phillips and Groves, 1984; Dubé et al., 1987; Roberts, 1987). The dimensions of the alteration haloes vary with the composition of the host rocks and may envelope entire deposits hosted by mafic and ultramafic rocks. Pervasive chromium- or vanadium-rich green micas (fuchsite and roscoelite) and ankerite with zones of quartzcarbonate stockworks are common in sheared ultramafic rocks (Fig. 9C, D). Common hydrothermal alteration assemblages that are associated with gold mineralization in amphibolite- facies rocks include biotite, amphibole, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite, and, at higher grades, biotite/phlogopite, diopside, garnet, pyrrhotite and/or arsenopyrite (cf. Mueller and Groves, 1991; Witt, 1991; Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000; Ridley et al., 2000, and references therein), with variable proportions of feldspar, calcite, and clinozoisite (Fig. 10). The variations in alteration styles have been interpreted as a direct reflection of the depth of formation of the deposits (Colvine, 1989; Groves, 1993). The alteration mineralogy of the deposits hosted by amphibolite- facies rocks, in particular the presence of diopside, biotite, K-feldspar, garnet, staurolite, andalusite, and actinolite, suggests that they share analogies with gold skarns, especially when they (1) are hosted by sedimentary or mafic volcanic rocks, (2) contain a calc-silicate alteration assemblage related to gold mineralization with an Au-As-Bi-Te metallic signature, and (3) are associated with granodioritediorite intrusions (cf. Meinert, 1998; Ray, 1998). Canadian examples of deposits hosted in amphibolite-facies rocks include the replacement-style Madsen deposit in Red Lake (Dubé et al., 2000) and the quartz-tourmaline vein (Fig. 7F) and replacement-style Eau Claire deposit in the James Bay area (Cadieux, 2000; Tremblay, 2006).

Geological Properties

Continental Scale

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate-vein deposits are typically distributed along crustal-scale fault zones (cf. Kerrich et al., 2000, and references therein) characterized by several increments of strain (e.g. Cadillac-Larder Lake fault) (Figs. 3, 11A, B, 12A, B), and, consequently multiple generations of steeply dipping foliations and folds resulting in a complex deformational history. These crustal-scale fault zones are the main hydrothermal pathways towards higher crustal levels. However, the deposits are spatially and genetically associated with second- and third-order compressional reverse-oblique to oblique brittle-ductile high-angle shear and high-strain zones (Fig. 12C), which are commonly located within 5 km of the first order fault and are best developed in its hanging wall (Robert, 1990). Brittle faults may also be the main host to gold mineralization as illustrated by the Kirkland Lake Main Break, a brittle structure hosting the giant Kirkland Lake deposit exploited by seven mines that have collectively produced more than 760 metric tonnes of gold (Fig. 13) (Thomson, 1950; Kerrich and Watson, 1984; Ayer et al., 2005; Ispolatov et al., 2005 and references therein). Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits typically formed late in the tectonic-metamorphic history (Groves et al., 2000; Robert et al., 2005) and the mineralization is syn- to late-deformation and typically post-peak greenschist-facies and syn-peak amphibolite-facies metamorphism (cf. Kerrich and Cassidy, 1994; Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000). Most world-class greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate vein deposits are hosted by greenschist-facies rocks. Important exceptions include Kolar (India), which formed at amphibolite facies.

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are also commonly spatially associated with Timiskaming-like regional unconformities (Fig. 14A, B, C). Several deposits are hosted by, or located next to, such unconformities (e.g. the Pamour and Dome deposits), suggesting an empirical temporal and spatial relationship between large gold deposits and regional unconformities (Poulsen et al., 1992; Hodgson, 1993; Robert, 2000; Dubé et al., 2003; Robert et al., 2005).

District Scale

In this section, some of the key geological characteristics of prolific gold districts are presented with a special emphasis on Archean deposits. Only a brief overview is presented here, and the reader is referred to key papers by Hodgson and MacGeehan (1982), Hodgson (1993), Robert and Poulsen (1997), Hagemann and Cassidy (2000), Poulsen et al. (2000), Groves et al. (2003), and Robert et al. (2005), among others, for more information.

Large gold camps are commonly associated with curvatures, flexures, and dilational jogs along major compressional fault zones, such as the Porcupine-Destor fault in Timmins or the Larder Lake-Cadillac fault in Kirkland Lake (Fig. 3), which have created dilational zones that allowed migration of hydrothermal fluids (cf. Colvine et al., 1988; Sibson, 1990; Phillips et al., 1996; McCuaig and Kerrich, 1998; Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000; Kerrich et al., 2000; Groves et al., 2003; Goldfarb et al., 2005; Ispolatov et al., 2005; Robert et al., 2005). In terms of geological setting, large gold districts, such as Timmins, are mainly underlain by tholeiitic basalts (commonly variolitic) (Fig. 14D) and ultramafic komatiitic flows that are intruded by intermediate to felsic porphyries, and locally swarms of albitite and/or lamprophyre dykes (cf. Hodgson and MacGeehan, 1982). Irrelevant to their age, Timiskaming-like regional unconformities, distributed along major faults or stratigraphical dis-continuities, are also typical of large gold camps. In terms of hydrothermal alteration, the main characteristic at the district scale is the presence of large-scale iron-carbonate alteration, the width of which gives some indication as to the size of the hydrothermal system(s) (e.g. Timmins). Protracted magmatic activity with synvolcanic and syn- to late tectonic intrusions emplaced along structural discontinuities (e.g. Destor-Porcupine Fault) may also be highly significant. In many cases, U-Pb dating of intrusive rocks indicates that they are older than gold mineralization, in which case these rocks may have provided a competent structural trap or induced anisotropy in the layered stratigraphy that influenced and partitioned the strain. In other cases, the intrusive rocks are post-mineralization. However, the possibility remains that the thermal energy provided by some intrusions contributed to large-scale and long-lived hydrothermal fluid circulation (cf. Wall, 1989).

The presence of other deposit types in a district, such as volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) or Ni-Cu deposits, is also commonly thought to be a favourable factor (cf. Hodgson, 1993; Huston, 2000). The provinciality of the high Au content of a district may be related to specific fundamental geological characteristics in terms of favourable source-rock environments or gold reservoirs (Hodgson, 1993). The local geological "heritage" of the district, in addition to ore-forming processes, may thus be a major factor to take into account.

Knowledge Gaps at District Scale: One of the main remaining knowledge gaps at district scale is the structural evolution, and in some cases, the tectonic significance of the large-scale faults that control the distribution of the greenstone- hosted quartz-carbonate-vein deposits. The nature and significance of the early stage(s) of deformation (e.g. D0- D1) of major fault zones to the circulation of gold-bearing fluids and the formation of large gold deposits remain obscure. For example, despite decades of work in the Timmins' district, the structural evolution of the Porcupine- Destor Fault, a poorly exposed, regionally extensive, steeply dipping, long-lived fault (active between ca. 2680-2600 Ma), and its definite relationship to gold mineralization, remain controversial (cf. Hurst, 1936; Pyke, 1982; Bleeker, 1995; 1997; Hodgson and Hamilton, 1989; Hodgson et al., 1990; Brisbin, 1997; Ayer et al., 2005; Bateman et al., 2005, and references therein). The processes controlling the distribution of the large gold districts along such crustal-scale structures are poorly understood and therefore remain an avenue for future research (Robert et al., 2005). Key questions remain, such as the reason(s) why the Timmins district contains a large number of world-class gold deposits, why some large-scale Archean fault zones in greenstone belts are devoid of significant gold deposits, and why the gold grade in some districts is significantly higher.

Deposit Scale

The location of higher grade mineralization (ore shoots) within a deposit has been the subject of investigation since the early works of Newhouse (1942) and McKinstry (1948). Ore shoots represent a critical element to take into account when defining and following the richest part of an orebody. Two broad categories of ore shoots are recognized: 1) geometric, and 2) kinematic (Poulsen and Robert, 1989; Robert et al., 1994; Robert and Poulsen, 2001). As outlined by Poulsen and Robert (1989), geometric ore shoots are controlled by the intersection of a given structure (i.e., a fault, a shear zone, or a vein) with a favourable lithological unit, such as a competent gabbroic sill, a dyke, an iron formation, or a particularly reactive rock. The geometric ore shoot will be parallel to the line of intersection. The kinematic ore shoots are syndeformation and syn-formation of the veins, and are defined by the intersection between different sets of veins or contemporaneous structures. The plunge of kinematic ore shoots is commonly at a high angle to the slip direction.

Structural traps, such as fold hinges or dilational jogs along faults or shear zones, are also key elements in locating the richest part of an orebody. However, multiple factors are commonly involved, as mentioned by Groves et al. (2003), and world-class and giant-size deposits commonly exhibit complex geometries. This complexity is mainly due to the longevity of the hydrothermal system and/or multistage, barren and/or gold-bearing hydrothermal, structural, and magmatic events (Dubé et al., 2003; Groves et al., 2003; Ayer et al., 2005). This is especially well illustrated at the Dome mine, where low-grade colloform-crustiform ankerite veins cut the 2690 ± 2 Ma Paymaster porphyry (Corfu et al., 1989) (Fig. 15A). These ankerite veins have been deformed; they are typically boudinaged and are cut by extensional, en echelon, auriferous quartz veins (Fig. 15B, C). The <2673.9 ± 1.8 Ma Timiskaming conglomerate (Ayer et al., 2003, 2005) contains clasts of the ankerite veins in the Dome open pit (Fig. 15D, E), whereas the Timiskaming conglomerate is itself carbonatized, cut by auriferous quartz veins and locally contains spectacular visible gold (Fig. 15F). Argillite and sandstone above the Timiskaming conglomerate are themselves folded and cut by auriferous quartz veins (Dubé et al., 2003). These chronological relationships illustrate the superimposed hydrothermal and structural events involved in the formation of the giant deposit with post-magmatic carbonate veining predating the deposition of the Timiskaming conglomerate, which in turn precedes formation of the bulk of the gold mineralization.

The most productive Canadian metallogenic districts for greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits occur in (Late) Archean greenstone belts of the Superior, Churchill, and Slave provinces (Table 1). The Abitibi greenstone belt contains the majority of the productive districts, including the very large Timmins, Kirkland Lake, Larder Lake, Rouyn-Noranda, and Val d'Or districts. The Kirkland Lake gold deposit is included here as a greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate deposit, however, the structural timing of gold deposition and its origin is still the subject of debate (Kerrich and Watson, 1984; Cameron and Hattori, 1987; Robert and Poulsen, 1997; Ayer et al., 2005; Ispolatov et al., 2005) as the deposit shares strong analogies with tellurium-rich syndeformation gold deposits associated with alkaline magmatism as defined by Jensen and Barton (2000). Other younger greenstone belts of the Appalachian and Cordilleran orogens are also favourable terranes for quartz-carbonate vein-type gold deposits (Fig. 16). Districts listed in Table 1 also include deposits hosted by iron formation (BIF-hosted vein or Homestake-type; Poulsen et al., 2000).

The geographical and temporal distribution of greenstonehosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits containing at least 30 t Au is included in Figure 2. The greatest concentration of deposits is found in the Archean, particularly in the Late Archean in Canada (Fig. 16). Proterozoic gold deposits occur in the United States as exemplified by the Homestake deposit, a giant iron-formation-hosted vein and disseminated Au-Ag deposit, as well as in greenstone belts of Brazil and western Africa. However, Canadian deposits of Proterozoic age are rare; they include the New Britannia deposit in the Flin Flon district (Manitoba) and other smaller deposits of the Churchill Province, as well as gold-bearing quartz-carbonate veins in the central metasedimentary belt of the Grenville Province (Carter, 1984; Jourdain et al., 1990; Easton and Fyon, 1992). Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits are less common, but are important within Circum-Pacific collisional orogenic belts (e.g. the Mesozoic Mother Lode and Alleghany districts, and the Cenozoic Alaska-Juneau and Treadwell deposits, USA). The only world-class Mesozoic Canadian deposit (Fig. 16) is the Bralorne-Pioneer deposit (British Columbia). Other smaller deposits (not represented in Fig.16) were also formed in the Cordilleran during the Mesozoic, and in the Appalachians during Paleozoic times.

Additionally, three important unexploited deposits (as of December 31, 2004) are noted on Figure 16:

1. Hope Bay (Hope Bay district, Northwest Territories, 210 t Au in unmined reserves and resources),
2. Moss Lake (Shebandowan district, Ontario, 69 t Au, resources),
3. Box (Athabaska district, Saskatchewan, 29 t Au, resources, as of December 1998).

The following deposits, which are located inside districts represented on Figure 16, also contain important unmined resources (as of December 31, 2004, unless otherwise indicated):

1. Tundra (Mackenzie district, Northwest Territories, 262 t Au),
2. Goldex (Val d'Or district, Quebec, 56 t Au),
3. Taurus (Cassiar district, British Columbia, 50 t Au, as of December 1999),
4. Lapa-Pandora-Tonawanda (Cadillac district, Quebec, 54 t Au including 36 t Au as reserves).

Associated Mineral Deposit Types

Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are thought to represent the main component of the greenstone deposit clan (Fig. 1) (Poulsen et al., 2000). However, in metamorphosed terranes, other types of gold deposits formed in different tectonic settings and/or crustal levels, such as Au-rich VMS or intrusion-related gold deposits, may have been juxtaposed against greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits during the various increments of strain that characterize Archean greenstone belts (Poulsen et al., 2000). Although these different gold deposits were formed at different times, they now coexist along major faults. Examples include the Bousquet 2 - Dumagami and LaRonde Penna Au-rich VMS deposits that are distributed a few kilometres north of the Cadillac-Larder Lake fault east of Noranda (Fig. 3), where the fault zone hosts the former O'Brien and Thompson Cadillac greenstone-hosted quartzcarbonate vein deposits. Intrusion-related syenite-associated disseminated gold deposits, such as the Holt-McDermott and Holloway mines in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario, occur mainly along major fault zones, in association with preserved slivers of Timiskaming-type sediments and consequently are spatially associated with greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits (Robert, 2001).

Poulsen et al. (2000) has indicated that one of the main problems in deformed and metamorphosed terranes, such as those underlain by greenstone belts, is that many primary characteristics may have been obscured by overprinting deformation and metamorphism to the extent that they are difficult to recognize. This is particularly the case with goldrich VMS or intrusion-related deposits. But since greenstone- hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are syn- to late main phase of deformation, their primary features are, in most cases, relatively well preserved (Groves et al., 2000). Consequently, once a deposit is appropriately classified, exploration models are relatively well defined (cf. Hodgson, 1990, 1993; Groves et al., 2000, 2003). Since the early 1980s, several different genetic models have been proposed to explain the formation of greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits and this has resulted in significant controversy. Some of this controversy is caused by the difficulty in metamorphosed greenstone terranes to classify certain key deposits, such as Hemlo (Lin, 2001; Muir, 2002; Davis and Lin, 2003), due to the poor preservation of primary characteristics largely obscured by post-mineralization deformation and metamorphism. Thus, adequate classification of gold deposits is a key to formulating successful exploration models (Poulsen et al., 2000). An excellent review of the various proposed genetic models, and the pros and cons of each of these, has been presented by Kerrich and Cassidy (1994). Since then, Hagemann and Cassidy (2000), Kerrich et al. (2000), Ridley and Diamond (2000), Groves et al. (2003), and Goldfarb et al. (2005), among others, have also revisited the subject. Only a brief summary is presented here.

Several genetic models have been proposed during the last two decades without attaining a definite consensus. One of the main controversies is related to the source of the fluids. The ore-forming fluid is typically a 1.5 ± 0.5 kb, 350 ± 50°C, low-salinity H2O-CO2 ± CH4 ± N2 fluid that transported gold as a reduced sulphur complex (Groves et al., 2003). Several authors have emphasized a deep source for gold, with fluids related to metamorphic devolatilization, and deposition of gold over a continuum of crustal levels (cf. Colvine, 1989; Powell et al., 1991; Groves et al., 1995). Others have proposed a magmatic source of fluids (cf. Spooner, 1991), a mantle-related model (Rock and Groves, 1988), drifting of a crustal plate over a mantle plume (Kontak and Archibald, 2002), anomalous thermal conditions associated to upwelling asthenosphere (Kerrich et al., 2000), or deep convection of meteoric fluids (Nesbitt et al., 1986). Hutchinson (1993) has proposed a multi-stage, multiprocess genetic model in which gold is recycled from preenriched source rocks and early formed, typically subeconomic gold concentrations. Hodgson (1993) also proposed a multi-stage model in which the gold was, at least in part, recycled from gold-rich district-scale reservoirs that resulted from earlier increments of gold enrichment.

The debate on gold genesis was, at least in part, based upon interpretations of stable isotope data, and after more than two decades, it is still impossible to unequivocally distinguish between a fluid of metamorphic, magmatic, or mantle origin (Goldfarb et al., 2005). The significant input of meteoric waters in the formation of quartz-carbonate greenstone- hosted gold deposits is now, however, considered unlikely (Goldfarb et al., 2005). The magmatic and mantlerelated models mainly based on spatial relationships between the deposits and intrusive rocks, are challenged by crosscutting field relationships combined with precise U-Pb zircon dating. These show that, in most cases, the proposed magmatic source for the ore-forming fluid is significantly older than the quartz-carbonate veins. For example, in the Timmins area, the quartz-carbonate veins hosting the gold mineralization at the Hollinger-McIntyre deposit cut an albitite dyke intruding the Pearl Lake porphyry (Fig. 17). One such albitite dyke was dated at 2673 +6/-2 Ma (Marmont and Corfu, 1989) and more recently at 2672.8 ± 1.1 Ma (Ayer et al., 2005). Thus the albitite dyke is ca.15 Ma younger than the 2689 ± 1 Ma Pearl Lake porphyry and various porphyries in the regions ranging in age from 2691 to 2687 Ma (Corfu et al., 1989; Ayer et al., 2003). These chronological relationships rule out the possibility that the ore fluids could be related to known intrusions. An alternative to the magmatic fluid source model is one in which intrusions have provided the thermal energy responsible, at least in part, for fluid circulation (cf. Wall, 1989). The mantle- related model was mainly based on the close spatial relationship between lamprophyre dykes and gold deposits (Rock and Groves, 1988). Key arguments against such a model have been presented by Wyman and Kerrich (1988, 1989). Recently, Dubé et al. (2004) have demonstrated that the lamprophyre dykes spatially associated with gold mineralization at the Campbell-Red Lake deposit, although different than the typical greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposit, are at least 10 Ma younger than the main stage of gold mineralization.

Each of these models has merit, and various aspects of all or some of them are potentially involved in the formation of quartz-carbonate greenstone-hosted gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. However, the overall geological settings and characteristics suggest that the greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits are related to prograde metamorphism and thermal re-equilibration of subducted volcano- sedimentary terranes during accretionary or collisional tectonics (cf. Kerrich et al., 2000, and references therein). The deep-seated, Au-transporting fluid has been channelled to higher crustal levels through major crustal faults or deformation zones (Figs. 1, 18). Along its pathway, the fluid has dissolved various components, notably gold, from the volcano- sedimentary packages, which may include a potential gold-rich precursor. The fluid will then precipitate sulphides, gold, and gangue minerals as vein material or wall-rock replacement in second- and third-order structures at higher crustal levels through fluid-pressure cycling processes (Sibson et al., 1988) and temperature, pH, and other physicochemical variations.

Nevertheless, the source of the ore fluid, and hence of gold in greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits, remains unresolved (Groves et al. 2003). According to Ridley and Diamond (2000), a model based on either metamorphic devolatilization or granitoid magmatism best fits most of the geological parameters. These authors indicated that the magmatic model could not be ruled out simply on the basis of a lack of exposed granite in proximity of a deposit with a similar age, because the full subsurface architecture of the crust is unknown. Ridley and Diamond (2000) also indicated that the fluid composition should not be expected to reflect the source. The fluid travels great distances and its measured composition now reflects the fluidrock interactions along its pathway, or a mixed signature of the source and the wall rocks (Ridley and Diamond, 2000).

In terms of exploration, at the geological province or terrane scale, geological parameters that are common in highly auriferous volcano-sedimentary belts include 1) reactivated crustal-scale faults that controlled emplacement of porphyry- lamprophyre dyke swarms; 2) complex regional-scale geometry of mixed lithostratigraphic packages; and 3) evidence for multiple mineralization or remobilization events (Groves et al., 2003). The empirical spatial and potentially genetic (?) relationship between large gold deposits and a Timiskaming-like regional unconformity represents a key first-order exploration target irrelevant to the deposit type or the mineralization style, as illustrated by large gold districts such as Timmins, Kirkland Lake, and Red Lake (Poulsen et al., 1992; Hodgson, 1993; Robert, 2000; Dubé et al., 2000, 2003, 2004; Robert et al., 2005).

Several outstanding problems remain for greenstonehosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits. As mentioned above, the sources of fluid and gold remain unresolved (Ridley and Diamond, 2000). Other critical elements are listed in Hagemann and Cassidy (2000) and Groves et al. (2003). In practical terms, the three most outstanding knowledge gaps to be addressed are

1. better definition of the key geological parameters controlling the formation of giant gold deposits;
2. controls on the high-grade content of deposits or parts of deposits;
3. controls on the distribution of large gold districts, such as Timmins or Val d'Or; and
4. the influence of the early stage structural history of crustal scale faults on their gold endowment.

The classification of gold deposit types remains a problem, which is more than an academic exercise as it has a major impact on exploration strategies (e.g. what type of deposit to look for, where, and how?) (Poulsen et al., 2000). However, the reasons why geological provinces, such as the Superior province and the Yilgarn craton are so richly endowed are now much better understood (Robert et al., 2005). It is also believed that integrated research programs, such as the Geological Survey of Canada EXTECH, Natmap, or Targeted Geoscience Initiative, where various aspects of the geology of a gold mining district or camp are addressed, remain an excellent approach for developing additional understanding of these deposits. The most fundamental elements to take into account to successfully establish the complex evolution and relationships between mineralizing event(s), geological setting, and deformation/metamorphism phase(s) are

1. basic chronological field relationships, combined with
2. accurate U-Pb geochronology.

This synthesis has been made possible by the kind cooperation of numerous company, government, and university geologists who shared their knowledge and who have allowed surface and underground visits to many gold deposits. We benefited from numerous discussions with colleagues from the provincial surveys and from the Geological Survey of Canada. The first author would like to extend his deepest appreciation to F. Robert and H.K. Poulsen for constructive suggestions, collaboration, and discussions on gold deposits during the last twenty years. W. Goodfellow and I. Kjarsgaard are thanked for their editorial contribution. Careful constructive reviews by R. Goldfarb, M. Gauthier, and S. Castonguay have led to substantial improvements.

Akande, S.O., 1985,
Coexisting precious metals, sulfosalts and sulfide minerals in the Ross gold mine, Holtyre, Ontario: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 23, p. 95-98.

Alldrick, D.J., 1983,
The Mosquito Creek Mine, Cariboo Gold Belt (93H/4), in Geological Fieldwork 1982: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1983-1, p. 99-112.

Ames, H.G., 1948,
Perron mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 893-898.

Ames, D.E., Franklin, J.M., and Froese, E., 1991,
Zonation of hydrothermal alteration at the San Antonio gold mine, Bisset, Manitoba, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 600-619.

Anglin, C.D., and Franklin, J.M., 1985,
Gold mineralization in the Beardmore-Geraldton area of northwestern Ontario: Structural considerations and the role of iron formation: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research Paper 85-1B, p. 193-201.

Anglin, C.D., Jonasson, I.R., and Franklin, J.M., 1996,
Sm-Nd dating of scheelite and tourmaline: Implications for the genesis of Archean gold deposits, Val d'Or, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 1372-1382.

Archambault, G., Guha, J., Tremblay, A., and Kanwar, R., 1984,
Implications of the geomechanical interpretation of the Copper Rand deposit on the Dore Lake shear belt, in Guha, J., And Chown, E.H., eds., Chibougamau - Stratigraphy and Mineralization: Proceedings of the Chibougamau Symposium and Field Trip: Canadian Institute of Mining, Special Volume 34, p. 300-318.

Armitage, A.E., Tella, S., and Miller, A.R., 1993,
Iron-formation-hosted gold mineralization and its geological setting, Meliadine Lake area, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1993-C, p. 187-195.

Armitage, A.E., James, R.S., and Goff, S.P., 1996,
Gold mineralization in Archean banded iron formation, Third Portage Lake area, Northwest Territories, Canada: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 5, p. 1-15.

Armstrong, H.S., 1943,
Gold ores of the Little Long Lac area, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 38, p. 204-252.

Ayer, J.A., Barr, E., Bleeker, W., Creaser, R.A., Hall, G., Ketchum, J.W.F., Powers, D., Salier, B., Still, A., and Trowell, N.F., 2003,
New geochronological results from the Timmins area: Implications for the timing of late-tectonic stratigraphy, magmatism and gold mineralization: in Summary of Field work and Other Activities: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6120, p. 33-1 to 33-11.

Ayer, J.A., Thurston, P.C., Bateman, R., Dubé, B., Gibson, H.L., Hamilton, M.A., Hathway, B., Hocker, S.M., Houlé, M.G., Hudak, G., Ispolatov, V.O., Lafrance, B., Lesher, C.M., MacDonald, P.J., Péloquin, A.S., Piercey, S.J., Reed, L.E., and Thompson, P.H., 2005,
Overview of results from the greenstone architecture project: Discover Abitibi Initiative: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6154, 146 p.

Backman, O.L., 1936,
The geology of the Siscoe gold mine: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 57, p. 467-475.

Bacon, W.R., 1978,
Lode gold deposits in Western Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 71, p. 96-104.

Barley, M.E., and Groves, D.I., 1992,
Supercontinent cycles and the distribution of metal deposits through times: Geology, v. 20, p. 291-294.

Barnett, E.S., Hutchinson, R.W., Adamcik, A., and Barnett, R., 1982,
Geology of the Agnico-Eagle deposit, Quebec, in Hutchinson, R.W., Spence, C.D., and Franklin, J.M., eds., Precambrian Sulphide Deposits, H.S. Robinson Memorial Volume: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 25, p. 403-426.

Barrett, R.E., and Johnston, A.W., 1948,
Central Patricia Mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institutde of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 368-372.

Barret, T.L., and Sherlock, R.L., 1996,
Geology, lithogeochemistry and volcanic setting of the Eskay Creek Au-Ag-Cu-Zn deposit, Northwestern British Columbia: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 5, p. 339-368.

Barron, K.M., Duke, N,A., and Hodder, R.W., 1989,
Petrology of the Springpole Lake alkalic volcanic complex, in Geoscience Research Grant Program; Summary of Research 1988-1989: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 143, p. 133-145.

Bartram, G.D., and McCall, G.J.H., 1971,
Wall-rock alteration associated with auriferous lodes in the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie, in Glover, J.E., ed., Symposium on Archaean Rocks: Geological Society of Australia, Special Publication 3, p. 191-199.

Basnett, R., 1999,
Seabee Mine, in Ashton, K.E., and Harper, C.T., eds., MINExpo '96 Symposium: Advances in Saskatchewan Geology and Mineral Exploration: Saskatchewan Geological Society, Special Publication No. 14, p. 72-79.

Bateman, R.J., Ayer, J.A., Dubé, B., and Hamilton, M.A., 2005,
The Timmins - Porcupine Gold Camp, Northern Ontario: The Anatomy of an Archaean Greenstone and Its Gold Mineralization. Discover Abitibi Initiative: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6158, 90 p.

Beaudoin, G., Hubert, C., Trudel, P., and Perreault, G., 1987,
Géologie du projet Callahan, cantons de Vassan et de Dubuisson - District de Vald'Or: Ministère de l'Éenergie et des Ressources, Gouvernement du Québec, MB 87-48.

Belkabir, A., and Hubert, C., 1995,
Geology and structure of a sulfide-rich gold deposit: an example from the Mouska gold mine, Bousquet district, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 1064-1079.

Belkabir, A., Robert, F., Vu, L., and Hubert, C., 1993,
The influence of dikes on auriferous shear zone development within granitoid intrusions: The Bourlamaque pluton, Val d'Or district, Abitibi greenstone belt: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 1924-1933.

Bergmann, A., 1947,
Development and ore possibilities of the area between McKenzie Island and East Bay in the Red Lake mining district of Ontario: Precambrian, v. 20, p. 4-7.

Bevier, M.L., and Gebert, J.S., 1991,
U-Pb geochronology of the Hope Bay - Elu Inlet area, Bathurst Block, northeastern Slave Structural Province, Northwest Territories: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 1925-1930.

Blackburn, C.E., Johns, G.W., Ayer, J., and Davis, D.W., 1991,
Wabigoon Subprovince, Chapter 9, in Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., and Stott, G.M., eds., Geology of Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, p. 303-381.

Blais, A., 1991,
Copper Rand mine, in Guha, J., Chown, E.H., and Daigneault, R., eds., Litho-tectonic Framework and Associated Mineralization of the Eastern Extremity of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt (8th Symposium of the International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits, Field Trip 3): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2158, p. 63-67.

Blais, M., 1955,
L'altération hydrothermale en bordure des filons aurifères de la mine O'Brien, comté d'Abitibi-Est: Le Naturaliste Canadien, v. 132, p. 77-98.

Bleeker, W., 1995,
Surface geology of the Porcupine camp, in Heather, K.B., ed., Precambrian '95 - Tectonics and Metallogeny of Archean Crust in the Abitibi-Kapuskasing-Wawa Region, Field Trip Guidebook: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 3141, p. 13-47.

––– 1997
, Geology and mineral deposits of the Porcupine camp: Geological Association of Canada, Field Trip Guide Book B6, 10-37 p.

Boldy, J., Drouin, M., Hilgendorf, C., Davidson, D., Boniwell, J.B., and Gingerich, J., 1984,
Case history of a gold discovery, Eastmain River area, Quebec, in Guha, J., and Chown, E.H., eds., Chibougamau - Stratigraphy and Mineralization: Proceedings of the Chibougamau Symposium, Chibougamau, Quebec, Sept. 2-6, 1984, CIM Special Volume 34, p. 441-456.

Brisbin, D.I., 1997,
Geological Setting of Gold Deposits in the Porcupine Gold Camp, Timmins, Ontario: Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 523 p.

Brisson, H., 1998,
Caractéristiques, chronologie et typologie des minéralisations aurifères du la région du lac Shortt (Québec), sous-province archéenne de l'Abitibi: Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Ph.D. thesis, 277 p.

Brodie Hicks, H., 1945 ,
The geology of the Central Patricia mine, Ontario: Precambrian, v. 18, p. 7-9.

Brown, D.A., 1987,
Geological Setting of Volcanic-Hosted Silbak Premier Mine, Northwestern British Columbia (104 A/4, B/1): M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 216 p.

Brown, R.A., 1948,
O'Brien mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 809-816.

Bruce, D.E., and Miller, J.H.L., 1990,
Equity Silver mines; A success story, in Hollister, V.F., ed., Discoveries of Valuable Minerals and Precious Metals Deposits Related to Intrusions and Faults: Society of Mining, Metalllurgy and Exploration Case Histories of Mineral Discoveries, v. 2, p. 144-161.

Bruce, E.L., and Samuel, W., 1937,
Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine: Economic Geology, v. 32, p. 318-334.

Buffam, S.W., and Allen, R.B., 1948,
Chesterville mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 662-671.

Bullis, H.R., Pratico, W., and Webb, D.R., 1987,
The Con Mine, in Padgham, W.A., ed., Yellowknife Guide Book: A Guide to the Geology of the Yellowknife Volcanic Belt and Its Bordering Rocks: Geological Associaton of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, p. 175-181.

Bullis, H.R., Hureau, R.A., and Penner, B.D., 1994,
Distribution of gold and sulfides at Lupin, Northwest Territories: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 1217-1227.

Burrows, D.R., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1986,
McIntyre Cu-Au deposit, Timmins, Ontario, Canada, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 23-39.

Burrows, D.R., Spooner, E.T.C., Wood, P.C., and Jemielita, R.A., 1993,
Structural controls on formation of the Hollinger-McIntyre Au quartz vein system in the Hollinger Shear Zone, Timmins, Southern Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1643-1663.

Byrne, N.W., 1950,
The Discovery Yellowknife gold mine, Giauque Lake, Yellowknife mining area, N.W.T.: Precambrian, v. 23, p. 8-12.

Byron, M., 1994,
Anomalous haloes of pathfinder elements for gold, Upper Canada deposit, Kirkland Lake, Ontario: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 3, p. 161-179.

Cadieux, A.-M., 2000,
Géologie du gîte aurifère Eau Claire, propriété Clearwater, Baie James, Québec: M.Sc. thesis, Université Laval, Québec, 242 p.

Callan, N.J., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1998,
Repetitive hydraulic fracturing and shear zone inflation in an Archean granitoid-hosted, ribbon banded, Auquartz vein system, Renabie area, Ontario, Canada: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 12, p. 237-266.

Cameron, E.M., and Hattori, K., 1987,
Archean gold mineralization and oxidized hydrothermal fluids: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 1177-1191.

Cann, R.M., and Godwin, C.I., 1980,
Geology and age of the Kemess porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, north-central British Columbia: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 73, p. 94-99.

Carignan, J., and Gariépy, C., 1993,
Pb isotope geochemistry of the Silidor and Launay gold deposits: Implications for the source of Archean Au in the Abitibi subprovince: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1722-1730.

Carrier, A., 1994,
Évolution structurale et métallogénique du gisement aurifère Silidor, Abitibi, Québec: M.Sc. thesis, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, 272 p.

Carrier, A., Jébrak, M., Angelier, J., and Holyland, P., 2000,
The Silidor deposit, Rouyn-Noranda district, Abitibi belt: Geology, structural evolution and paleostress modeling of an Au quartz vein-type deposit in an Archean trondhjemite: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1049-1065.

Carter, T.R., 1984,
Metallogeny of the Grenville Province, Southeastern Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5515, 422 p.

Cattalani, S., Barrett, T.J., Maclean, W.H., Hoy, L., Hubert, C., and Fox, J.S., 1993,
Métallogénèse des gisements Horne et Quémont (région de Rouyn-Noranda): Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources, Québec, ET 90-07, 121 p.

Chabot, F., 1998,
Minéralisation aurifère dans le pluton de Bourlamaque: la mine Beaufor, Section 3A, in Pilote, P., Moorhead, J., and Mueller, W., eds., Développement d'un arc volcanique, la région de Val d'Or, ceinture de l'Abitibi - Volcanologie physique et évolution métallogénique: Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Guidebook 1998 A2, p. 59-64.

Champigny, N., and Sinclair, A.J., 1982,
The Cinola gold deposit, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia: in Hodder, R.W., and Petruk, W., Geology of Canadian Gold Deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 24, p. 243 - 254

Charlewood, G.H., 1964,
Geology of Deep Developments on the Main Ore Zone at Kirkland Lake: Ontario Department of Mines, Geological Circular No. 11, 49 p.

Chi, G., Dubé, B., and Williamson, K., 2002,
Preliminary fluid-inclusion microthermometry study of fluid evolution and temperature-pressure conditions in the Goldcorp High-Grade zone, Red Lake mine, Ontario, in Current Research 2002: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1-12.

Childe, F., 1996,
U-Pb geochronology and Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics of the Au-Ag-rich Eskay Creek VMS deposit, northwestern British Columbia: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 1209-1224.

Church, B.N., 1985,
Geology of the Mount Attwood-Phoenix area, Greenwood (82E/2): in Geological Fieldwork 1984: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources, Paper 1985-2, p. 17-21.

Church, B.N., and Jones, L.D., 1997,
Metallogeny of the Greenwood mining camp (082E02), British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment; Energy and Minerals Division, Online Report, http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Minfile/mapareas/greenwd. htm, 20 p.

Coker, W.B., Fox, J.S., and Sopuck, V.J., 1982,
Organic centre-lake sediments: Application in the geochemical exploration for gold in the Canadian Shield of Saskatchewan: in Hodder, R.W., and Petruk, W., Geology of Canadian Gold Deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 24, p. 267-280.

Colvine, A.C., 1989,
An empirical model for the formation of Archean gold deposits: Products of final cratonization of the Superior Province, Canada, in Keys, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology of Gold Deposits: The Perspective in 1988: Economic Geology, Monograph 6, p. 37-53.

Colvine, A.C., Fyon, J.A., Heather, K.B., Marmont, S., Smith, P.M., and Troop, D.G., 1988,
Archean Lode Gold Deposits in Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 139, 136 p.

Condie, K., 1998,
Episodic continental growth and supercontinents; A mantle avalanche connection? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 163, p. 97-108.

Coombe, W., Lewry, J.F., and Macdonald, R., 1986,
Regional geological setting of gold in the La Ronge Domain, Saskatchewan, in Clark, L.A., ed., Gold in the Western Shield: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 38, p. 26-56.

Corfu, F., Krogh, T.E., Kwok, Y.Y., and Jensen, L.S., 1989,
U-Pb zircon geochronology in the southwestern Abitibi greenstone belt, Superior Province: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 1747-1763.

Cormie, J.M., 1936,
Geology and ore deposits of the Central Patricia gold mine, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 31, p. 93-103.

Couture, J.F., 1990,
Carte géologique des gîtes métallifères des districts de Rouyn-Noranda et de Val-d'Or (partie sud des feuillets SNRC 32C et 32D ouest): Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, #2109, DV-9011, scale 250000.

Couture, J.F., and Guha, J., 1990,
Relative timing of emplacement of an Archean lode-gold deposit in an amphibolite terrane: The Eastmain River deposit, northern Quebec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1621-1636.

Couture, J.F., and Pilote, P., 1993,
The geology and alteration patterns of a disseminated, shear zone-hosted mesothermal gold deposit: The Francoeur 3 deposit, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1664-1684.

Cyr, J.B., Pease, R.B., and Schroeter, T.G., 1984,
Geology and mineralization at Equity Silver mine: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 947-968.

Daigneault, R., and Allard, G.O., 1990,
Le Complexe du lac Doré et son environnement géologique, Région de Chibougamau - Sous-Province de l'Abitibi: Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources, Québec, MM-89- 03, 275 p.

Daigneault, R., and Archambault, G., 1990,
Les grands couloirs de déformation de la Sous-Province de l'Abitibi, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 43-64.

Darling, R., Vu, L., Dussault, C., Waitzenegger, B., and Popov, V., 1986,
New gold target in Quebec; Geology of the Ferderber gold deposit, Val d'Or: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 107, p. 25-29.

Davidson, S.C., and Banfield, A.F., 1944,
Geology of the Beattie gold mine, Duparquet, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 39, p. 535-556.

Davis, D.W., and Lin, S., 2003,
Unraveling the geologic history of the Hemlo Archean gold deposit, Superior Province, Canada; A U-Pb geochronological study: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 51-67.

Davis, D.W., and Smith, P.M., 1991,
Archean gold mineralization in the Wabigoon Subprovince, a product of crustal accretion: Evidence from U-Pb geochronology in the Lake of the Woods area, Superior Province, Canada: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 337-353.

Davis, W.J., and Zaleski, E., 1998,
Geochronological investigations of the Woodburn Lake group, western Churchill Province, Northwest Territories: preliminary results: in Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies, Report 11: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1998-F, p. 89-97.

Derry, D.R., Hopper, C.H., and Mcgowan, H.S., 1948,
Matachewan Consolidated mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 638-643.

Diakow, L.J., and Metcalfe, P., 1997,
Geology of the Swannell ranges in the vicinity of the Kemess copper-gold porphyry deposit, Attycelley Creek (NTS94E/2), Toodoggone River map area: in Lefebure, D.V., McMillan, W.J., and McArthur, J.G., eds., Geological Fieldwork 1996: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1997-1, p. 101-115.

Dion, C., and Maltais, G., 1998,
La mine d'or Joe Mann, in Pilote, P., ed., Géologie et métallogénie du district minier de Chapais-Chibougamau: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles du Québec, DV 98-03, p. 125-131.

Dougherty, E.Y., 1934,
Mining geology of the Vipond gold mine, Porcupine district, Ontario: Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, v. 37, p. 260-284.

Downes, M.J., Hodges, D.J., and Derweduwen, J., 1984
, A free carbon- and carbonate-bearing alteration zone associated with the Hoyle Pond gold occurrence, Ontario, Canada, in Foster, R.P., ed., Gold '82: The Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits: Proceedings of the International Symposium: Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 435-448.

Dubé, B., and Guha, J., 1989,
Étude métallogénique (aurifère) du filoncouche de Bourbeau (région de Chibougamau): Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, MM 87-03, 104 p.

––– 1992,
Relationship between NE trending regional faults and Archean mesothermal gold-copper mineralization: Cooke mine, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1525-1540.

Dubé, B., Guha, J., and Rocheleau, M., 1987,
Alteration patterns related to gold mineralization and their relation to CO2/H2O ratios: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 37, p. 267-291.

Dubé, B., Poulsen K.H., and Guha, J., 1989,
The effects of layer anisotropy on auriferous shear zones: The Norbeau mine, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 871-878.

Dubé, B., Lauzière, K., and Poulsen, H.K., 1993,
The Deer Cove deposit: An example of thrust-related breccia-vein type gold mineralization in the Baie Verte Peninsula, in Current Research: Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey, Report 93-1D, p. 481.

Dubé, B., Dunning, G.R., Lauziere, K., and Roddick, J.C., 1996,
New insights into the Appalachian Orogen from geology and geochronology along the Cape Ray fault zone, southwest Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 101-116.

Dubé, B., Dunning, G.R., nd Lauzière, K., 1998a,
Geology of the Hope Brook Mine, Newfoundland, Canada: A preserved Late Proterozoic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration: Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 405-436.

Dubé, B., Lauzière, K., and Boisvert, 1998b,
Lithological map and hydrothermal alteration map of the high-sulfidation Hope Brook gold deposit: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3606, scale 1:2500.

Dubé, B., Balmer, W., Sanborn-Barrie, M., Skulski, T., and Parker, J., 2000,
A Preliminary Report on Amphibolite-Facies, Disseminated- Replacement-Style Mineralization at the Madsen Gold Mine, Red Lake, Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2000- C17, 12 p.

Dubé, B., O'Brien, S., and Dunning, G.R., 2001a,
Gold deposits in deformed terranes: Examples of epithermal and quartz-carbonate shear-zonerelated gold systems in the Newfoundland Appalachians and their implications for exploration: North Atlantic Mineral Symposium, St. John's, Newfoundland, May 27-30, 2001, p. 31-35.

Dubé, B., Williamson, K., and Malo, M., 2001b,
Preliminary report on the geology and controlling parameters of the Goldcorp Inc. High Grade zone, Red Lake mine, Ontario, in Current Research 2001: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1-13.

––– 2002,
Geology of the Goldcorp Inc. High-Grade Zone, Red Lake Mine, Ontario: An Update: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-C26, 13 p.

––– 2003a,
Gold Mineralization within the Red Lake Mine Trend: Example from the Cochenour-Willans Mine Area, Red Lake, Ontario, with New Key Information from the Red Lake Mine and Potential Analogy with the Timmins Camp: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2003-C21, 15 p.

Dubé, B., Mercier-Langevin, P., Lafrance, B., Hannington, M.D., Moorhead, J., Davis, D., Galley, A., and Pilote, P., 2003b,
The Doyon- Bousquet-Laronde Archean Au-rich VMS gold camp: The example of the world-class LaRonde deposit, Abitibi, Quebec: CAnadian Institue of Mining and Metalurgy, Timmins, Extended Abstract, p. 3-10.

Dubé, B., Williamson, K., McNicoll, V., Malo, M., Skulski, T., Twomey, T., and Sanborn-Barrie, M., 2004,
Timing of gold mineralization in the Red Lake gold camp, northwestern Ontario, Canada: New constraints from U-Pb geochronology at the Goldcorp high-grade zone, Red Lake mine and at the Madsen Mine: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1611-1641.

Dubé, P.L., Hubert, C., Brown, A.C., and Simard, J.-M., 1991,
The Telbel orebody of the Agnico-Eagle mine in the Joutel area of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada: A stratabound, gold-bearing massive siderite deposit with early diagenetic pyritization, in Ladeira, E.A., ed., Brazil Gold '91: The Economics, Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits: Proceedings of a Symposium, Belo Horizonte, May 1991, Balkena, Rotterdam, p. 493-498.

Durocher, M.E., 1983,
The nature of hydrothermal alteration associated with the Madsen and Starratt-Olsen gold deposits, Red Lake area: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 110, p. 111-140.

Durocher, M.E., and Hugon, H., 1983,
Structural geology and hydrothermal alteration in the Flat Lake-Howery Bay Deformation Zone, Red Lake area, in Wood, J., White, O.L., Barlow, R.B., and Colvine, A.C., eds., Summary of Field Work, 1982: Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 116, p. 216-219.

Dugas, F., 1963,
Prospecting possibilities in the Belleterre area, Western Quebec: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 84, p. 85-89.

Easton, R.M., and Fyon, J.A., 1992,
Metallogeny of the Grenville Province, in Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., and Stott, G.M., eds., Geology of Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, p. 1217-1254.

Ettlinger, A.D., Meinert, L.D., and Ray, G.E., 1992,
Gold skarn mineralization and fluid evolution in the Nickel Plate deposit, British Columbia: Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1541-1565.

Fahrni, K.C., 1966,
Geological relations at Copper Mountain, Phoenix and Granisle mines, in Tectonic History and Mineral Deposits of the Western Cordillera: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 8, p. 315-320.

Ferguson, S.A., Buffman, B.S.W., Carter, O.F., Griffis, A.T., Holmes, T.C., Hurst, M.E., Jones, W.A., Lane, H.C., and Longley, C.S., 1968,
Geology and Ore Deposits of Tisdale Township, District of Cochrane: Ontario Department of Mines, Geological Report 58, 117 p.

Ferguson, S.A., Groon, H.A., and Haynes, R., 1971,
Gold Deposits of Ontario. Part 1: Districts of Algoma, Cochrane, Kenora, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay: Ontario Department of Mines and Northern Affairs, Ontario Division of Mines, Mineral Resources Circular 13, 315 p.

Fraser, R.J., 1993,
The Lac Troilus Gold-Copper deposit, Northwestern Quebec: A possible archean porphyry system: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1685-1699.

Fyles, J.T., 1984,
Geological Setting of the Rossland Mining Camp: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 74, 61 p.

Fyon, A., Breaks, T.W., Heather, K.B., Jackson, W.L., Muir, T.L., Stott, G.M., and Thurston, P.C., 1992,
Metallogeny of metallic mineral deposits in the Superior Province of Ontario, Chapter 22 in Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., and Stott, G.M., eds., Geology of Ontario: Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Special Volume No. 4, Part 2, p. 1091-1176.

Gaboury, D., and Daigneault, R., 1999,
Evolution from sea floor-related to sulfide-rich quartz veint-type gold mineralization during deep submarine volcanic construction: the Géant Dormant gld mine, Archean Abitibi belt, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 3-22.

––– 2000,
Flat vein formation in a transitional crustal setting by selfinduced fluid pressure quilibrium - An example from the Géant Dormant gold mine, Canada: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 17, p. 155-178.

Gaboury, D., Daigneault, R., Tourigny, G., and Gobeil, C., 1996a,
An Archean volcanic-related gold-sulfide-quartz vein orebody: The Géant Dormant mine, Abitibi Subprovince, Québec, Canada: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 5, p. 197-213.

Gaboury, D., Dubé, B., Laflèche, M., and Lauzière, K., 1996b,
Geology of the mesothermal Hammer Down Gold Deposit, Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 335-350.

Gaboury, D., Daigneault, R., and Beaudoin, G., 2000,
Volcanogenic-related origin of sulfide-rich quartz veins: evidence from O and S isotopes at the Géant Dormant gold mine, Abitibi belt, Canada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 35, p. 21-36.

Galley, A.G., Ames, D.E., and Franklin, J.M., 1989,
Results of studies on gold metallogeny of the Flin Flon belt, in Galley, A.G., Investigations by the Geological Survey of Canada in Manitoba and Saskatchewan during the 1984 - 1989 Mineral Development Agreements: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2133, p. 25-32.

Gaulin, H., and Trudel, P., 1990,
Caractéristiques pétrographiques et géochimiques de la minéralisation aurifère à la mine Elder, Abitibi, Québec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1637-1650.

Gauthier, N., Rocheleau, M., Kelly, D., and Gagnon, Y., 1990,
Controls on the distribution of gold mineralization within the Cadillac tectonic zone, Rouyn-Beauchastel segment, Abitibi belt, Quebec, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 185-198.

Gill, J.E., and Byers, A.R., 1948,
Surf Inlet and Pugsley mines, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 99-104.

Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., and Gardoll, D., 2001,
Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 18, p. 1-75.

Goldfarb, R.J., Baker, T., Dubé, B., Groves, D.I., Hart, C.J.R., Robert, F., and Gosselin, P., 2005,
World distribution, productivity, character, and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes, in Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P., eds., Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume: 1905 - 2005: Society of Economic Geologists, p. 407-450.

Gordon, J.B., Lovel, H.L., and de Grijs, J., 1971,
Gold Deposits of Ontario: Part 2, Districts of Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Sudbury, Timiskaming and Counties Southern Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Geological Survey, Mineral Deposits Circular 18, 253 p.

Gosselin, P., and Dubé, B., 2005a,
Gold Deposits of the World: Distribution, Geological Parameters and Gold Content: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4895, 1 CD-ROM.

––– 2005b,
Gold deposits of Canada: Distribution, geological parameters and gold content. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4896, 1 CDROM. Gray, M.D., and Hutchinson, R.W., 2001, New evidence for multiple periods of gold emplacement in the Porcupine mining district, Timmins area, Ontario, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 453-475.

Greig, C.U., Anderson, R.G., Daubeny, P.H., Bull, K.F., and Hinderman, T.K., 1994,
Geology of the Cambria Icefield: Regional setting and Red Mountain gold deposit, northwestern British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1994-A, p. 45-56.

Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Robert, F., and Hart, C.J.R., 2003,
Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1-29.

Groves, D.I., Phillips, G.N., Ho, S.E., Henderson, M.E., Clark, M.E., and Woad, G.M., 1984,
Controls on distribution of Archean hydrothermal gold deposits in Western Australia, in Foster, R.P., ed., Gold '82: The Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits: Proceedings of the International Symposium: Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 689-712.

Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Know-Robinson, C.M., Ojala, J., Gardoll, S., Yun, G., and Holyland, P., 2000,
Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn block, Western Australia: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 17, p. 1-38.

Groves, D.J., 1993,
The crustal continuum model for late Archean lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Mineralium Deposita, v. 28, p. 366-374.

Groves, D.J., Ridley, J.R., Bloem, E.J.M., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hronsky, J.M.A., Knight, J.T., McCuaig, T.C., McNaughton, N.J., and Ojala, J., 1995,
Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block: products of late- Archaean crustal-scale over-pressured hydrothermal systems, in Coward, R.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Early Precambrian Processes: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 95, p. 155-172.

Groves, D.J., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., and Robert, F., 1998,
Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationships to other gold deposit types: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 13, p. 7-27.

Gummer, P.K., 1986,
Geology of the Seabee gold deposit, Tabbernor Lake greenstone belt, Saskatchewan, in Clark, L.A., ed., Gold in the Western Shield: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 38, p. 272-284

. Hagemann, S.G., and Cassidy, K.F., 2000,
Archean orogenic lode gold deposits, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 9-68.

Hall, R.S., and Rigg, D.M., 1986,
Geology of the west anticline zone, Musselwhite prospect, Opapimiskan Lake, Ontario, Canada, in Macdonald, A.,J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 124-136.

Hannington, M.D., Poulsen, K.H., Thompson, J.F.H., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1999,
Volcanogenic gold in the massive sulfide environment, Chapter 14 in Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D., Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 319-350.

Harding, W.D., 1936,
Geology of the Birch-Springpole Lakes area: Ontario Department of Mines; Annual Report 1936, v. 45, part 4, p. 1-33.

Hardy, R.V., 1993,
A light stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of the Sheep Creek gold camp, Salmo, British Columbia, in Programs with Abstracts: Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Joint Annual Meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, p. A40.

Heather, K.B., 1991,
Geological and structural setting of gold mineralization, Renabie portion of the Missanabie-Renabie gold district, in Sage, R.P., and Heather K.B., eds., The Structure, Stratigraphy and Mineral Deposits of the Wawa Area: Geological Association of Canada, Guidebook 1991 A6, p. 81-111.

Hitchins, A.C., and Orssich, C.N., 1995,
The Eagle zone gold-tungsten sheeted vein porphyry deposit and related mineralization, Dublin Gulch, Yukon Territory, Section Gold (±Ag ±WO3 ±Cu) deposits associated with porphyry-type systems, in Schroeter, T.G., ed., Porphyry Deposits of the Northwestern Cordillera of North America: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Special Volume 46, p. 803-810.

Hodgson, C.J., 1989,
The structure of shear-related, vein-type gold deposits: A review: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 4, p. 635-678.

––– 1990,
An overview of the geological characteristics of gold deposits in the Abitibi Subprovince, in Ho, S.E., Robert, F., and Groves, D.I., eds., Gold and Base Metal Mineralization in the Abitibi Subprovince, Canada, with Emphasis on the Quebec Segment: Geology Department and University Extension, University of Western Australia, Perth, Publication 24, p. 63-100.

––– 1993,
Mesothermal lode-gold deposits, in Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., and Duke, J.M., eds., Mineral Deposits Modelling: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 40, p. 635-678.

Hodgson, C.J., and Hamilton, J.V., 1989,
Gold mineralization in the Abitibi greenstone belt: end-stage results of Archean collisional tectonics? in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology of Gold deposits; The Perspective in 1988: Economic Geology, Monograph 6, p. 86-100.

Hodgson, C.J., and MacGeehan, P.J., 1982,
Geological characteristics of gold deposits in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, in Hodder, R.W., and Petruks, W., eds., Geology of Canadian Gold Deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 24, p. 211-229.

Hodgson, C.J., Hamilton, J.V., and Piroshco, D.W., 1990,
Structural setting of gold deposits and the tectonic evolution of the Timmins-Kirkland Lake area, southwestern Abitibi greenstone belt, in Ho, S.E., Robert, F., and Groves, D.I., eds., Gold and Base Metal Mineralization in the Abitibi Subprovince, Canada, with Emphasis on the Quebec Segment: Geology Department and University Extension, University of Western Australia, Perth, Publication 24, p. 101-120.

Horwood, H.C., 1948,
Howey and Hasaga mines in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 340-345.

Horwood, H.C., and Pye, E.G., 1955,
Geology of Ashmore Township: Annual report of the Department of Mines, v. 60, pt 5, Ontario Department of Mines, 105 p.

Höy, T., and Dunne, K.P.E., 2001,
Metallogeny and Mineral Deposits of the Nelson-Rossland Map-Area; Part II, The Early Jurassic Rossland Group, Southeastern British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, Bulletin 109, 195 p.

Hurst, M.E., 1936,
Recent studies in the Porcupine area: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 39, p. 448-458.

Huston, D.L., 2000,
Gold in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Distribution, genesis and exploration, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 401-426.

Hutchison, R.W., 1993,
A multi-stage, multi-process genetic hypothesis for greenstone-hosted gold lodes: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 7, p. 349-382.

Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., and Padgham, W.A., 1991,
U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Yellowknife volcanic belt, N.W.T., Canada: New constraints of the timing and duration of greenstone belt magmatism: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 55-67.

Ispolatov, V., Lafrance, B., Dubé, B., Hamilton, M., and Creaser, R., 2005,
Geology, structure, and gold mineralization, Kirkland Lake and Larder Lake areas (Gauthier and Teck townships): Discover Abitibi Initiative: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6159, 170 p.

Issigonis, M.J., 1980,
Occurrence of disseminated gold deposits in porphyries in Archean Abitibi belt, northwest Quebec, Canada: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 89, p. 157-158.

James, 1948,
Siscoe mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 876-882.

Jefferson, C.W., Lustwerk, R.L., and Lambert, M.B., 1992a,
Stratigraphy, facies changes and structure in auriferous, iron-rich, Archean sedimentary sequences around the Back River volcanic complex, northeastern Slave province, NWT, in Richardson, D.G., and Irving, M., eds., Project Summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement 1987-1991: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p. 185-188.

Jefferson, C.W., Dufresne, R.A., Olson, R.A., and Rice, R., 1992b,
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of auriferous Archean iron formations in the vicinity of George Lake, Eastern Slave Province, in Richardson, D.G., and Irving, M., eds., Project Summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement 1987-1991: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p. 199-203.

Jenkins, C.L., Trudel, P., and Perreault, G., 1989,
Progressive hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization of the Zone 1 intrusion of the Callahan property, Val-d'Or region, Quebec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2495-2506.

Jenkins, C.L., Vincent, R., Garson, D.F., Robert, F., and Poulsen, K.J., 1997,
Index-level Database for Lode Gold Deposits of the World: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3490, CD-ROM.

Jenney, C.P., 1941,
Geology of the Omega mine, Larder Lake, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 36, p. 424-447.

Jensen, E.P., and Barton, M.D., 2000,
Gold deposits related to alkaline magmatism, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 279-314.

Jourdain, V., Gauthier, M., and Guha, J., 1990,
Métallogénie de l'or dans le sud-est de l'Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2287, 52 p.

Kempthorne, R.H., 1957,
Bevcon mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits: A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 2, p. 416-419.

Kerr, D.J., and Gibson, H.L., 1993,
A comparison of the Horne volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit and intracauldron deposits of the Mine sequence, Noranda, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1419-1442.

Kerrich, R., 1983,
Geochemistry of Gold Deposits of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 27, 75 p.

Kerrich, R., and Cassidy, K.F., 1994,
Temporal relationships of lode gold mineralization to accretion, magmatism, metamorphism and deformation – Archean to present: A review: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 9, p. 263-310.

Kerrich, R., and Feng, R., 1992,
Archean geodynamics and the Abitibi- Pontiac collision: Implications for advection of fluids at transpressive collisional boundaries and the origin of giant quartz vein systems: Earth Sciences Reviews, v. 32, p. 33-60.

Kerrich, R., and Watson, G.P., 1984,
The Macassa Mine Archean lode gold deposit, Kirkland Lake, Ontario: geology, patterns of alteration, and hydrothermal regimes: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 1104-1130.

Kerrich, R., and Wyman, D.A., 1990,
Geodynamic setting of mesothermal gold deposits: An association with accretionary tectonic regimes: Geology, v. 18, p. 882-885.

Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R., Groves, D., and Garwin, S., 2000,
The geodynamic of world-class gold deposits: characteristics, space-time distribution and origins, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 501-551.

Kerswill, J.A., 1993,
Models for iron-formation-hosted gold deposits: in Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., and Duke, J.M., eds., Mineral Deposit Modeling: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 40, p. 171-199.

––– 1996,
Iron-formation-hosted stratabound gold, Chapter 15, in Eckstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D., and Thorpe, R.I., eds., Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 8, p. 367-382.

King, J.E., Davis, W.J., Van Nostrand, T., and Relf, C., 1989,
Archean to Proterozoic deformation and plutonism of the western Contwoyto Lake map area, central Slave Province, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, part C, Paper 89-1C, M44-89/1C, 412 p.

Kinkel, A.R., 1948,
Buffalo Ankerite mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 515-519.

Kishida, A., and Kerrich, R., 1987,
Hydrothermal alteration zoning and gold concentration at the Kerr-Addison Archean lode gold deposit, Kirkland Lake, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 649-690.

Koulomzine, 1948,
Consolidated Central Cadillac mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 816-821.

Kontak, D.L., and Archibald, D.A., 2002,
40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal biotite from high-grade gold ore, Tangier gold deposit, Nova Scotia; Further evidence for 370 Ma gold metallogeny in the Meguma Terrane: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 619-628.

Kreczmer, M.J., and Deveaux, P.J., 1985,
Exploration and geology of Tartan Lake and Puffy Lake deposits, Flin Flon area, Manitoba, in Clark, L.A., ed., Gold in the Western Shield: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 38, p. 359-360.

Krupka, K.M., Ohmoto, H., and Wickman, F.E., 1977,
A new technique in neutron activation analysis of Na/K ratios of fluid inclusions and its application to the gold-quartz veins at the O'Brien mine, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 2760-2770.

Kuhns, R.J., Sawkins, F.J., and Ito, E., 1994,
Magmatism, metamorphism, and deformation at Hemlo, Ontario, and the timing of Au-Mo mineralization in the Golden Giant mine: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 720-756.

Labine, R.J., 1991,
Hoyle Pond Mine, in Fyon, J.A., and Green, A.H., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Timmins District, Ontario (Guidebook to Field Trip 6): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2161, p. 114-123.

Lane, H.C., 1968,
Preston East Dome Mine, in Ferguson, S.A., Buffam, B.S.W., and Carter, O.F., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits of Tisdale Township: Ontario Geological Survey, Report 58, p. 143-151.

Lau, M.H.S., 1988,
Structural geology of the vein system in the San Antonio gold mine Bissett, Manitoba, Canada: M.Sc. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 154 p.

Laurus, K.A., and Fletcher, W.K., 1999,
Gold distribution in glacial sediments and soils at Boston Property, Nunavut, Canada: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 67, p. 271-285.

Leclair, 1992,
The Ida Point gold showing, Hope Bay greenstone belt, Northwest Territories, in Richardson, D.G., and Irving, M., eds., Project Summaries; Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement 1987-1991: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p. 61-63.

Leitch, C.H.B., 1990,
Bralorne: A Mesothermal, shield-type vein gold deposit of Cretaceous age in southwestern British Columbia: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 83, p. 53-80.

Lennan, W.B., 1986,
Ray Gulch tungsten skarn deposit, Dublin Gulch area, central Yukon, in Morin, J.A., ed., Mineral deposits of Northern Cordillera, Proceedings of the Mineral Deposits of Northern Cordillera Symposium, December 1983: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 37, p. 245-254.

Leroy, O.E., 1912,
The Geology and Ore Deposits of Phoenix, Boundary District, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir No. 21, 110 p.

Lewis, T.D., 1998,
Musselwhite: An exploration success: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 91, p. 51-55.

Lin, S., 2001,
Stratigraphic and structural setting of the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 477-507.

Longley, C.S., and Lazier, T.A., 1948,
Paymaster Mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 520-528.

Lustwerk, R.L., 1992,
Geochemistry and petrography of iron formation and other sedimentary rocks associated with the Back River volcanic and sedimentary complex, NWT, in Richardson, D.G., and Irving, M., eds., Project Summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement 1987-199: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p. 189-192.

Macdonald, A.J., Lewis, P.D., Thompson, J.F.H., Nadaraju, G., Bartsch, R., Bridge, D.J., Rhys, A., Roth, T., Kaip, A., Godwin, C.I., and Sinclair, A.J., 1996,
Metallogeny of an Early to Middle Jurassic arc, Iskut River area, Northwestern British Columbia: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 1098-1114.

Macdonald, J.M., 1982,
The McLeod-Cockshutt and Hard Rock mines, Geraldton: Examples of an iron-formation related gold deposit, Section Mineral Deposit Programs, inWood, J., White, O.L., Barlow, R.B., and Colvine, A.C., eds., Summary of Field Work, 1982: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 116, p. 188-191.

Mcdonald, J.M., Duke, J.M., and Hauser, R.L., 1993,
Geological setting of the NERCO Con mine and the relationships of gold mineralization to metamorphism, Yellowknife, N.W.T.: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 2, p. 139-154.

Magnan, M., and Blais, A., 1995,
The Copper Rand Mine (Au-Cu-Ag), Section Day 4: Porphyry and epithermal type mineralization in the Doré Lake Complex and the Roy Group, in Pilote, P., ed., Precambrian '95 - Metallogeny and Geologic Evolution of the Chibougamau Area - from Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo to Mesothermal Lode Gold Deposits: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3143, p. 87-94.

Marmont, S., 1986,
The geological setting of the Detour Lake gold mine, Ontario, Canada, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 81-96.

Marmont, S., and Corfu, F., 1989,
Timing of gold introduction in the Late Archean tectonic framework of the Canadian Shield: Evidence from UPb zircon geochronology of the Abitibi subprovince, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology of Gold Deposits; The Perspective in 1988: Economic Geology, Monograph 6, p. 101-111.

Marquis, P., Brown, A.C., Scherkus, E., Trudel, P., and Hoy, L.D., 1992,
Géologie de la mine Donald J. LaRonde (Abitibi): Ministère des Ressources Naturelles du Québec, ET 89-06, 106 p. Mather, W.B., 1937, Geology and paragenesis of the gold ores of the Howey mine, Red Lake, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 32, p. 131-153.

Mathews, W.H., 1953,
Geology of the Sheep Creek Camp: British Columbia Department of Mines, Bulletin No. 31, 94 p.

Mckay, G.A., Cormie, A.M., and Coulson, C.J., 1948,
Leitch mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 385-389.

McLaren, D.C., 1946,
The Omega gold mine: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 67, p. 941-950.

––– 1947,
Hasaga Gold Mines Limited: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 68, p. 168-174.

Mcmurchy, R.C., 1941,
Geology of the Powell mine: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 142, p. 47.

––– 1948,
Powell Rouyn mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 739-747.

Meinert, L.D., 1998,
A review of skarns that contain gold, in Lentz, D.R., ed., Mineralized Intrusion-Related Skarn Systems: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course, v. 26, p. 359-414.

Melling, D.R., Watkinson, D., Poulsen, K.H., Chorlton, L.B., and Hunter, 1986,
The Cameron Lake gold deposit, Northwestern Ontario, Canada: Geological setting, structure, and alteration, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold, p. 149-169.

Melnik-Proud, N., 1992,
The Geology and Ore Controls In and Around the McIntyre-Hollinger Complex, Timmins, Ontario: Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 353 p.

Metcalfe, P., and Moors, J.G., 1993,
Lithostratigraphy and mineralization of the Bronson Corridor, Iskut River area, northwestern British Columbia: Geological Association of Canada, Annual Meeting, Edmonton, AB, Abstracts 16, p. 70.

Méthot, Y., and Trudel, P., 1987,
Géologie de la mine Marban, région de Malartic: Ministère de l'Éenergie et des Ressources, Gouvernement du Québec, MB 87-53, 71 p.

Michibayashi, K., 1995,
Two-phase syntectonic gold mineralization and barite remobilization within the main ore body of the Golden Giant mine, Hemlo, Ontario, Canada., Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 31-50.

Mihalynuk, M.G., and Marriott, C.C., 1991,
The Polaris-Taku deposit: Geologic setting and recent mineral exploration results in Exploration in British Columbia 1991: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, p. 127-131.

Miller, A.R., Balog, M.J., and Tella, S., 1995,
Oxide iron-formation-hosted lode gold, Meliadine Trend, Rankin Inlet Group, Churchill Province, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1995-C, p. 163-174.

Mills, J.W., 1950,
Structural control of orebodies as illustrated by the use of vein contours at the O'Brien gold mine, Cadillac, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 45, p. 786-807.

Morasse, S., Hodgson, C.J., Guha, J., and Coulombe, A., 1986,
Preliminary report on the geology of the Lac Shortt gold deposit, Demaraisville area, Quebec, Canada, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 191-196.

Morasse, S., Wasteneys, H.A., Cormier, M., Helmstaedt, H., and Mason, R., 1995,
A pre-2686 Ma intrusion-related gold deposit at the Kiena mine, Val d'Or, Québec, southern Abitibi Subprovince: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 1310-1321.

Moritz, R.P., and Crocket, J.H., 1990,
Mechanics of formation of the goldbearing quartz-fuchsite vein at the Dome mine, Timmins area, Ontario: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1609-1620.

Morrow, H.F., 1949,
The geology of Hard Rock gold mine's quartz stringer ore zones: Precambrian, p. 11-39.

Mortensen, J.K., 1993,
U-Pb geochronology of the eastern Abitibi Subprovince. Part 2: Noranda - Kirkland Lake area: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 29-41.

Mueller, A.G., and Groves, D.I., 1991,
The classification of Western Australia greenstone-hosted gold deposits according to wallrock-alteration mineral assemblages: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 6, p. 291-331.

Muir, T.L., 1997,
Hemlo Gold Deposit Area, Precambrian Geology: Ontario Geological Survey, Report 289, 219 p.

––– 2002,
The Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, Canada: Principal deposit characteristics and constraints on mineralization: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 21, p. 1-66.

Nesbitt, B.E., Murowchick, J.B., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1986,
Dual origins of lode gold deposits in the Canadian Cordillera: Geology, v. 14, p. 506- 509.

Newhouse, W.H., 1942,
Structural features associated with the ore deposits described in this volume, in Newhouse, W.H., ed., Ore Deposits as Related to Structural Features: Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., p. 9-53.

Olivo, G.R., and Williams-Jones, A.E., 2002,
Genesis of the auriferous C quartz-tourmaline vein of the Siscoe mine, Val d'Ord district, Abitibi subprovince, Canada: Structural, mineralogical and fluid inclusion constraints: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 929-947.

Olivo, G.R., Gauthier, M., Bardoux, M., Leao de Sa, E., Fonseca, J.T.F., and Carbonari, F., 1995,
Palladium-bearing gold deposit hosted by Proterozoic Lake Superior-type iron-formation at Cauê iron mine, Itabira district, southern Sao Francisco craton, Brazil: Geologic and structural controls: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 118-134.

Ostry, G., and Halden, N.M., 1995,
Geology of the Puffy Lake Au deposit, Sherridon district, Manitoba: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 4, p. 51-63.

Pan, Y., and Fleet, M.E., 1992,
Calc-silicate alteration in the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario: Mineral assemblages, P-T-X constraints and significance: Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 1104-1120.

Penczak, R.S., and Mason, R., 1997,
Metamorphosed Archean epithermal As-Au-Sb-Zn-(Hg) vein mineralization at the Campell Mine, Northwestern Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 92, p. 696-719.

––– 1999,
Characteristics and origin of Archean premetamorphic hydrothermal alteration at the Campbell gold mine, northwestern Ontario, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 507-528.

Phillips, G.N., and Groves, D.I., 1984,
Fluid access and fluid-wall rock interaction in the genesis of the Archean gold-quartz vein deposit at Hunt mine, Kambalda, Western Australia, in Foster, R.P., ed., Gold '82: The Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits: Proceeding of the Symposium Gold' 82, Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 389-416.

Phillips, G.N., Groves, D.I., and Kerrich, R., 1996,
Factors in the formation of the giant Kalgoorlie gold deposit: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 295-317.

Picard, S., 1990,
Le gisement Silidor, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 175-183.

Pilote, P., and Guha, J., 1998,
Part B - Metallogeny of the eastern extremity of the Abitibi belt, in Pilote, P., Dion, C., and Morin, R., eds., Metallogeny of the Chibougamau District: Geological Evolution and Development of Distinct Mineralized Systems Through Time: Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Guidebook 1998 B3, p. 29-40.

Pilote, P., Guha, J., and Daigneault, R., 1990a,
Contexte structural et minéralisations aurifères des gîtes Casa-Berardi, Abitibi, Québec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1672-1685.

Pilote, P., Guha, J., Daigneault, R., Robert, F., Cloutier, J.Y., and Golightly, J.P., 1990b,
The Structural Evolution of the Casa-Berardi East Gold Deposits, Casa-Berardi Township, Quebec,in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 337-348.

Poulsen, 1995,
Disseminated and replacement gold, in Eckstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D.T., and Thorpe, R.I., eds., Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada No. 8, p. 383-392.

––– 1996,
Carlin-type gold deposits and their potential occurrence in the Canadian Cordillera, in Current Research 1996-A: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1-9.

Poulsen, K.H., and Robert, F., 1989,
Shear zones and gold: Practical examples from the southern Canadian Shield, in Bursnall, J.T., ed., Mineralization and Shear Zones: Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 6, p. 239-266.

Poulsen, K.H., Ames, D.E., Lau, M.H.S., and Brisbin, D.I., 1986,
Preliminary report on the structural setting of gold in the Rice Lake area, Uch subprovince, southeastern Manitoba: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1986, p. 213-221.

Poulsen, K.H., Card, K.D., and Franklin, J.M., 1992,
Archean tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield: Precambrian Research, v. 58, p. 25-54.

Poulsen, K.H., Mortensen, J.K., and Murphy, D.C., 1997,
Styles of intrusion- related gold mineralization in the Dawson-Mayo area, Yukon Territory, in Current Research 1997-A: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1-10.

Poulsen, K.H., Robert, F., and Dubé, B., 2000,
Geological Classification of Canadian Gold Deposits: Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 540, 106 p.

Powell, R., Will, T.M., and Phillips, G.N., 1991,
Metamorphism in Archean greenstone belts: Calculated fluid compositions and implications for gold mineralization: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 9, p. 141-150.

Pressacco, R., ed., 1999,
Special Project: Timmins Ore Deposit Descriptions: Ontario Geological Survey, Open File 5985, 222 p.

Proudlove, D.C., Hutchinson, R.W., and Rogers, D.S., 1989,
Multiphase Mineralization in Concordant and Discordant Gold Veins, Dome Mine, South Porcupine, Ontario, Canada, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology of Gold Deposits: The Perspective in 1988: Economic Geology Monograph 6, p. 112-12.

Pyke, D.R., 1982,
Geology of the Timmins Area, District of Cochrane: Ontario Department of Mines, Geological Report, v. 219, 141 p.

Quirion, 1991,
Geologie de la mine d'or Lac Shortt, in Guha, J., Chown, E.H., and Daigneault R., eds., Litho-Tectonic Framework and Associated Mineralization of the Eastern Extremity of the Abitibi greenstone belt (Field Trip 3): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2158, p. 116-131.

Ray, G.E., 1998,
Skarns and skarn deposits in the Canadian Cordillera, in Lefebure, D.V., ed., Metallogeny of Volcanic Arcs: British Columbia Geological Survey, Short Course Notes, Open File 1998-5, Section B, p. 45.

Ray, G.E., Shearer, J.T., and Niels, R.J.E., 1986,
The geology and geochemistry of the Carolin gold deposit, southwestern British Columbia, Canada, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 470-487.

Ray, G.E., Dawson, G.L., and Webster, I.C.L., 1996,
The stratigraphy of the Nicola Group in the Hedley district, British Columbia, and the chemistry of its intrusions and Au skarns: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 1105-1126.

Rebagliati, C.M., Bowen, B.K., Copeland, D.J., and Niosi, D.W.A., 1995,
Kemess South and Kemess North porphyry gold-copper deposits, northern British Columbia, Section Porphyry copper (±Au ±Mo) deposits of the calc-alkalic suite, in Schroeter, T.G., ed., Porphyry Deposits of the Northwestern Cordillera of North America: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Special Volume 46, p. 377-396.

Richard, M., Hubert, C., Brown, A.C., and Sirois, R., 1990,
The Pierre Beauchemin gold mine: A structurally controlled deposit within a subhorizontal layered composite granitoid, in Rive, M., ed., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining Exploration. Proceedings of the Rouyn-Noranda 1990 Symposium May 28 - June 1, 1990: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 42, p. 211-219.

––– 1991,
The Pierre Beauchemin gold mine, in Tourigny, G., and Verpaelst, P., eds., Control on Base Metal and Gold Mineralization, Bousquet- Rouyn-Noranda Area: Society of Economic Geologists, Guidebook v. 10, p. 98-106.

Richardson, D.J., and Ostry, G., 1996,
Gold Deposits of Manitoba: Manitoba Energy and Mines, Economic Geology Report ER86-1 (2nd edition), 114 p.

Ridler, J.R., 1970,
Relationship of Mineralization to Volcanic Stratigraphy in the Kirkland-Larder Lakes Area, Ontario: Geological Association of Canada Proceedings, v. 21, p. 33-42.

Ridley, J.R., and Diamond, L.W., 2000,
Fluid chemistry of orogenic lode gold deposits and implications for genetic models, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 141-162.

Ridley, J.R., Groves, D., I., and Knight, J.T., 2000,
Gold deposits in amphibolite and granulite facies terranes of the Archean Yilgarn craton, Western Australia: Evidence and implications for synmetamorphic mineralization, in Spry, P.G., Marshall, B., and Vokes, F.M., eds., Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 11, p. 265-290.

Robert, F., 1990,
Structural setting and control of gold-quartz veins of the Val d'Or area, southeastern Abitibi subprovince, in Ho, S.E., Robert, F., and Groves, D.I., eds., Gold and Base-Metal Mineralization in the Abitibi Subprovince, Canada, with Emphasis on the Quebec Segment: University of Western Australia, Short Course Notes, v. 24, p. 167-210.

––– 1994,
Vein fields in gold districts: The example of Val d'Or, southeastern Abitibi subprovince, Quebec, in Canadian Shield: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1994-C, p. 295-302.

––– 1995,
Quartz-carbonate vein gold, in Eckstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D.T., and Thorpe, R.I., eds., Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada No. 8, p. 350-366.

––– 1997,
A preliminary geological model for syenite-associated disseminated gold deposits in the Abitibi belt, Ontario and Quebec: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1997, p. 201-210.

––– 2000,
World-class greenstone gold deposits and their exploration: 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, August, 2000, V. De Presentacionnes, CD-ROM, doc. SG304e, p. 4.

––– 2001,
Syenite-associated disseminated gold deposits in the Abitibigreenstone belt, Canada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 503-516. Robert, F., and Brown, A.C., 1986a, Archean gold-bearing quartz veins at the Sigma mine, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. Part I: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 578-592.

––– 1986b,
Archean gold-bearing quartz veins at the Sigma mine, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. Part II: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 593-616. Robert, F., and Poulsen, K.H., 1997, World-class Archaean gold deposits in Canada: An overview: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 329-351.

––– 2001,
Vein formation and deformation in greenstone gold deposits, in Richards, J.P., and Tosdal, R.M., eds., Structural Controls on Ore Genesis: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 14, p. 111-155.

Robert, F., Poulsen, K.H., and Dubé, B., 1994,
Structural analysis of lode gold deposits in deformed terranes and its application: Geological Survey of Canada, Short course notes, Open File Report 2850, 140 p.

Robert, F., Poulsen, K.H., Cassidy, K.F., and Hodgson, C.J., 2005,
Gold metallogeny of the Yilgarn and Superior cratons, in Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P., eds., Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume: 1905 - 2005: Society of Economic Geologists, p. 1001-1033.

Roberts, R.G., 1987,
Archean lode gold deposits: Geoscience Canada, v. 14, p. 1-19.

Robertson, R., 2001,
Hope Bay partners evaluate project's economics: The Northern Miner, November 5, 2001, p. B1.

Rock, N.M.S., and Groves, D.I., 1988,
Can lamprophyres resolve the genetic controversy over mesothermal gold deposits? Geology, v. 16, p. 538-541.

Rogers, C., and Houle, J., 1999,
Geological setting of the Kemess South Au- Cu porphyry deposit and local geology between Kemess Creek and Bicknell Lake (NTS 94E/2) in Geological Fieldwork, 1998: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1999-1, p. 103-114.

Rogers, J.A., 1982,
The geology and ore deposits of the No. 8 shaft area, Dome mine, in Hodder, R.W., and Petruck, W., eds., Geology of Canadian Gold Deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 24, p. 161-168.

––– 1992,
The Arthur W. White mine, Red Lake area, Ontario: Detailed structural interpretation the key to successful grade control and exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 85, p. 37-44.

Roozendaal, Hawley, Siddle, and Webb, 1997,
GMD Resource Corp; Rediscovering the Discovery mine, in Igboji, I.E., Goff, S.P., and Beales, P., Exploration Overview, 1996: Mining, Exploration and Geological Investigations: Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, p. 3-3 3-32.

Ropchan, J.R., Luinstra, B., Fowler, A.D., Benn, K., Ayer, J., Berger, B., Dahn, R., Labine, R., and Amelin, Y., 2002,
Host-rock and structural controls on the nature and timing of gold mineralization at the Holloway mine, Abitibi subprovince, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 291-309.

Roussy, J., 2003,
Relations etnre la distribution de l'or, la structure, la composition des veines et de l'altération hydrothermale à la mine Beaufor, Val-d'Or, Abitibi, Québec: M.Sc. thesis, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 316 p.

Rhys, D.A., 1996,
The Snip and Johnny Mountain gold mines: Early Jurassic intrusive-related vein deposits, Iskut River area, northwestern British Columbia: in Exploration in British Columbia 1995: British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment, Geological Survey Branch, p. 163.

Rhys, D.A., and Godwin, C.I., 1992,
Preliminary structural interpretation of the Snip mine (104B/11), in Grant, B., and Newell, J.M., eds., Geological Fieldwork 1991: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1992-1, p. 549-554.

Sanborn, M., 1987,
The Role of Brittle-Ductile Shear in the Formation of Gold-bearing Quartz-Carbonate Veins in the West Carbonate Zone of the Cochenour Willans Gold Mine, Red Lake, Ontario: M.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 148 p.

Sanborn-Barrie, M., Skulski, T., and Parker, J., 2001,
Three hundred million years of tectonic history recorded by the Red Lake greenstone belt, Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001, p. 1-14.

Sansfaçon, R., and Hubert, C., 1990,
The Malartic gold district, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec; geological setting, structure and timing of gold emplacement at Malartic Gold Fields, Barnat, East-Malartic, Canadian Malartic and Sladen mines, Section Val d'Or and Malartic mining camps, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 221-236.

Sansfaçon, and Trudel, 1988,
Géologie de la mine Malartic Gold Fields- Région de Malartic: Service Géologique du Nord-Ouest, Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources, MB 88-24, 72 p.

Sauvé, P., 1985,
Géologie de la mine Bevcon: Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources, service de la Géologie, MB 85-04.

Sauvé‚ P., Imreh, L., and Trudel, P., 1993,
Description des gîtes d'or de la région de Val d'Or: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles du Québec, MM 91-03, 178 p.

Savoie, A., Sauvé, P., Trudel, P., and Perrault, 1990,
Geologie de la mine Doyon, Cadillac, Quebec, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 401-412.

Sawyer, E.W., and Barnes, S.-J., 1994,
Thrusting, magmatic intraplating, and metamorphic core complex development in the Archaean Belleterre-Angliers Greenstone Belt, Superior Province, Quebec, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 68, p. 183-200.

Scales, M., 1997,
Glimmer shines: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 118, p. 20-21.

Schmitt, H.R., Cameron, E.M., Hall, G.E.M., and Vaive, J., 1993,
Mobilization of gold into lake sediments from acid and alkaline mineralized environments in the southern Canadian Shield: Gold in lake sediments and natural waters: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, p. 329-358.

Schroeter, T.G., 1985,
Muddy Lake prospect (104K/1W), in Geological Fieldwork 1984: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1985-1, p. 352-358.

Schroeter, T.G., Lane, B., and Bray, A., 1992,
Geologic setting and mineralization of the Red Mountain mesothermal gold deposit, in Exploration in British Columbia 1991: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1992-1, p. 117-125.

Schultz, D.J., and Kerrich, R., 1991,
Structural controls and geochemical character of the Seabee gold mine, Laonil Lake, Glennie Domain, in Summary of Investigations 1991: Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Report 91-4, p. 101-108.

Shelton, K.,L. Costello, C.S., and van Hees, E.H.P., 2000,
Contrasting styles of Archaean greenstone gold deposition: Colomac gold mine, Canadian Northwest Territories: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 69-70, p. 303-307.

Sherlock, R.L., Alexander, R.B., March, R., Kellner, J., and Barclay, W.A., 2001,
Geological Setting of the Meadowbank Iron-Formation-Hosted Gold Deposits, Nunavut: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-C11, 16 p.

Sibbald, T.I.I., 1986,
Bedrock geological mapping, Sulphide Lake area, in Macdonald, R., and Sibbald, T.I.I., eds., Summary of Investigations, 1986: Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Report 86-4, p. 63-64.

Sibbick, S.J., Rebagliati, C.M., Copeland, D.J., and Lett, R.E., 1992,
Soil geochemistry of the Kemess South porphyry gold-copper deposit (94E/2E): in Grant, B., and Newell, J.M., eds., Geological Fieldwork 1991: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1992-1, p. 349-361.

Sibson, R.H., 1990,
Faulting and fluid flow, in Nesbitt, B.E., ed., Short Course on Fluids in Tectonically Active Regimes of the Continental Crust: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Handbook, v. 18, p. 93-132.

Sibson, R.H., Robert, F., and Poulsen, K.H., 1988,
High-angle reverse faults, fluid-pressure cycling, and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits: Geology, v. 16, p. 551-555.

Simard, J.-M., and Genest, R., 1990,
Géologie de la mine Agnico-Eagle, Joutel (Québec), Section Matagami, Joutel, and Casa-Berardi mining camps, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 373-382.

Sinclair, W.D., 1982,
Gold deposits of the Matachewan area, Ontario, in Hodder, R.W., and Petruck, W., eds., Geology of Canadian Gold Deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 24, p. 83-93.

Sinclair, W.D., Pilote, P., Kirkham, R.V., Robert, F., and Daigneault, R., 1994,
A preliminary report of porphyry Cu-Mo-Au and shear-zone hosted Cu-Au deposits in the Chibougamau area, Quebec: in Current Research 1994-C: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 303-309.

Smit, H., Sieb, M., and Swanson, C., 1996,
The Dublin Gulch intrusivehosted gold deposit, in Lefebvre, D.V., ed., New Mineral Deposit Models of the Cordillera: Cordilleran Roundup Short Course, British Columbia Geological Survey, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, p. 157-158.

Smith, P.M., 1986,
Duport, a structurally controlled gold deposit in northwestern Ontario, Canada: in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 197-212.

Smith, J.P., Spooner, E.T.C. Broughton, D.W., and Ploeger, F.R., 1993,
Archean Au-Ag-(W) quartz vein/disseminated mineralisation within the Larder Lake-Cadillac Break, Kerr Addison-Chesterville system, North East Ontario, Canada: Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program, Grant No. 364, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5831, 310 p.

Solomon, M., Groves, D.I., and Jaques, A.L., 2000,
The lode gold deposits of the Western Australian Shield, Chapter 5, in Solomon, M., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology and Origin of Australia's Mineral Deposits: Hobart: Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, No. 24, p. 54-84.

Spooner, E.T.C., 1991,
The magmatic model for the origin of Archean Auquartz vein ore systems: Assessment of the evidence, in Ladeira, E.A., ed., Brazil Gold '91: The Economics, Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits: Rotterdam, Brookfield, p. 313-318.

Stewart, P.W., 1992,
The Origin of the Hope Brook Mine, Newfoundland: A Shear Zone-Hosted Acid Sulphate Gold Deposit: Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 398 p.

Stott, G.M., and Corfu, F., 1992,
Uchi Subprovince, Chapter 6 in Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., and Stott, G.M., eds., Geology of Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, p. 145-236.

Studemeister, P.A., and Kilias, S., 1987,
Alteration pattern and fluid inclusions of gold-bearing quartz veins in Archean trondhjemite near Wawa, Ontario, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 429-439.

Taylor, R.B., 1948,
Delnite mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 504-507.

Tella, S., Schau, M., Armitage, A.E., Seemayer, B.E., and Lemkow, D., 1992,
Precambrian geology and economic potential of the Meliadine Lake-Barbour Bay region, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, in Current Research Part C: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92- 1C, p. 1-11.

Teasdale, N., Brown, A.C., and Tourigny, G., 1996,
Gîtologie de la mine Bousquet 2: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, Secteur des Mines, Gouvernement du Québec, MB 96-37, 43 p.

Tessier, A.C., 1990
Structural evolution and host rock dilation during emplacement of gold-quartz vein at the Perron deposit, Val d'Or Quebec: M.Sc. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 242 p.

Théberge, L., 1997,
Géologie structurale et métallogénie de la mine Casa- Berardi Ouest, Abitibi, Québec: M.Sc. thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, 74 p.

Thiboutot, H., 1986,
Eastmain River gold deposit, Quebec, in Macdonald, A.,J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 155-157.

Thompson, J.F.H., and Newberry, R.J., 2000,
Gold deposits related to reduced granitic intrusions, in Hagemann, S.G., and Brown, P.E., eds., Gold in 2000: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 377-400.

Thomson, J.E., 1948,
Omega mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 658-662.

––– 1950,
Geology of Teck Township and the Kenogami Lake Area, Kirkland Lake Gold Belt: Annual Report 1948, Ontario Department of Mines, p. 1-53.

Thomson, J.E., Charlewood, G.H., Griffin, K., Hawley, J.E., Hopkins, H., MacIntosh, C.G., Orgizio, S.P., Perry, O.S., and Ward, W., 1950,
Geology of the Main Ore Zone at Kirkland Lake: Annual Report 1948, Ontario Department of Mines, p. 54-196.

Thrall, B., 1999,
Heap leaching in extreme northern climates; overview of Brewery Creek mine, Yukon, Canada, in Udd, J.E., and Keen, A.J., eds., Mining in the Arctic: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium: Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, 14-17 June 1998, p. 161-164.

Tompkins, J.R., 1988,
The Puffy Lake gold project, in Brawner, C.O., ed., Gold mining '88: Second International Conference on Gold Mining: Society of Mining Engineers, p. 482-493.

Tourigny, G., 1995,
Structural setting and style of gold-bearing shear zones in the Belleterre district, Témiscamingue, Québec: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 4, p. 1-14.

Tourigny, G., and Tremblay, A., 1997,
Origin and incremental evolution of brittle/ductile shear zones in granitic rocks: natural examples from the southern Abitibi Belt, Canada: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 15-27.

Tourigny, G., Hubert, C., Brown, A.C., Crépeau, R., Trudel, P., Hoy, L., and Kheang, L., 1992,
Géologie de la mine Bousquet: Ministère des Resources Naturelles du Québec, ET 89-09, 99 p.

Tourigny, G., Doucet, D., and Bourget, A., 1993,
Geology of the Bousquet 2 mine: An example of a deformed, gold-bearing polymetallic sulfide deposit: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1578-1597.

Travis, G.A., Woodall, R., and Bartram, G.D., 1971,
The geology of the Kalgoorlie Goldfield, in Glover, J.E., ed., Symposium on Archean Rocks: Geological Society of Australia, Special Publication 3, p. 175- 190.

Tremblay, A., 2001,
Postmineralization faults in the Beaufor gold deposit, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada: geometry, origin, and tectonic implications for the Val-d'Or mining district: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 509-524.

Tremblay, L.P., 1950,
Northeast Part of Giauque Lake Map Area Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 50-18, 37 p.

Tremblay, M., 2006,
Minéralisation et déformation du gîte aurifère de la zone Eau Claire, propriété Clearwater, Baie James: M.Sc. thesis, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, 179 p.

Trenholme, 1948,
Belleterre mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 796-803.

Troop, D.G., 1985,
Preliminary report on geology and metasomatism at the Ross Mine and vicinity, District of Cochrane, inWood, J., White, O.L., Barlow R.B., and Colvine, A.C., eds., Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1985: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Report 126, p. 320-325.

––– 1986,
Multiple orebody types and vein morphologies, Ross mine, district of Cochrane, in Thurston, P.C., White, O.L., Barlow, R.B., Cherry, M.E., and Colvine, A.C., eds., Summary of Field Work and Other Activities, 1986: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Report 132, p. 413-420.

Trudel, P., 1985,
Géologie de la mine Beaufor, région de Val d'Or: Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, MB 85-42, 33 p.

Trudel, P., and Sauvé, P., 1992,
Synthese des caracteristiques gitologiques des gisements d'or du district de Malartic: Ministere de l'Energie et Ressources, Quebec, MM 98-04.

Trudel, P., Methot, and Perrault, G., 1989,
Géochimie de la minéralisation aurifère à la mine Eldrich, region de Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 32, p. 415-428.

Tully, D.W., 1963,
The geology of the Upper Canada mine: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 56, p. 24-34.

Turek, A., Heather, K.B., Sage, R.P., and Van Schmus, W.R., 1996,
U-Pb zircon ages for the Missanabie-Renabie area and their relation to the rest of the Michipicoten greenstone belt, Superior Province, Ontario, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 76, p. 191-211.

Tyson, 1945,
Report on gold belts in the Little Long Lac-Sturgeon River district: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 66, p. 839-850.

Van Breemen, O., Jefferson, C.W., and Bursey, R.L., 1992,
Precise 2683 Ma age of turbidite-hosted auriferous iron formations in the vicinity of George Lake, eastern Slave structural province, NWT., in Richardson, D.G., and Irving, M., eds., Project Summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement 1987-1991: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p. 205-207.

van Hees, E.H.P., 1979,
Auriferous Ankerite Vein Genesis in the Aunor Mine, Timmins, Ontario: M.Sc. thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 138 p.

van Hees, E.H.P., Shelton,K., McMenamy, T., Ross, Jr., L., Cousens, B., Falck, H., Robb, N,m and Canam, T., 1999,
Metasedimentary influence on metavolcanics-rock-hosted greenstone gold deposits: Geochemistry of the Giant mine, Yellowknife, N.W.T.: Geology, v. 27, p. 71-74.

Vu, L., 1990,
Geology of the Ferderber gold deposit and gold potential of the Bourlamaque Batholith, Belmoral Mines Ltd., Val d'Or, Quebec, in Rive, M., Verpaelst, P., Gagnon, Y., Lulin, J.M., Riverin, G., and Simard, A., eds., The Northwestern Quebec Polymetallic Belt: A Summary of 60 Years of Mining and Exploration: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 43, p. 237-244.

––– 1991,
Geology of the Belmoral (Ferderber) gold mine, Val d'Or, Quebec, in Chartrand, F., ed., Geology and Gold, Rare Element, and Base Metal Mineralization of the Val d'Or Area, Quebec: Society of Economic Geologists, Guidebook 9, p. 37-44.

Vu, L., Darling, R., Beland, J., and Popov, V., 1987,
Structure of the Ferderber gold deposit, Belmoral Mines Ltd., Val d'Or, Quebec: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 89, p. 68-77.

Walker, 1969,
Gold-quartz veins of the Sheep Creek camp, British Columbia, in Newhouse, W.H., ed., Ore Deposits as Related to Structural Features: United States National Research Council, p. 177- 178.

Wall, V.J., 1989,
Fluids and Metamorphism: Ph.D. thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 234 p.

Walsh, J.F., Kesler, S.E., Duff, D., and Cloke, P.L., 1988,
Fluid inclusion geochemistry of high-grade, vein-hosted gold ore at the Pamour Mine, Porcupine Camp, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 1347-1367.

Webb, S.A., 1994,
The Discovery mine, rediscovered, in Kusick, R., and Goff, S.P., eds., Exploration Overview 1994; Northwest Territories; mining, exploration and geological investigations: Northern Affairs Program, Northwest Territories Geology Division, p. 64-65.

Williams, H.R., Stott, G.M., Heather, K.B., Muir, T.L., and Sage, R.P., 1992,
Wawa Subprovince, Chapter 12, in Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., and Stott, G.M., eds., Geology of Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, p. 485-539.

Wilson, M.E., and Lee, A.C., 1948,
Senator-Rouyn mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institutde of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 735-739.

Wilson, M.E., and Mcquarry, W.R., 1948,
Stadacona mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institutde of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 1, p. 776-782.

Witt, W.K., 1991,
Regional metamorphic controls on alteration associated with gold mineralization in the Eastern Goldfields province, Western Australia: Implications for the timing and origin of Archean lode-gold deposits: Geology, v. 19, p. 982-985.

Wiwchar, M.B., 1957,
Consolidated Discovery Yellowknife Mine, in Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits - A Symposium: Canadian Institutde of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 2, p. 201-209.

Wojdak, P.J., and Sinclair, A.J., 1984,
Equity Silver silver-copper-gold deposit: alteration and fluid inclusion studies: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 969-990.

Workman, A.W., 1986,
Geology of the McDermott gold deposit, Kirkland Lake area, Northeastern Ontario, Canada: in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 184-190.

Wood, P.C., Burrows, D.R., Thomas, A.V., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1986,
The Hollinger-McIntyre Au-quartz vein system, Timmins, Ontario, Canada; Geologic characteristics, fluid properties and light stable isotope geochemistry, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 56-80.

Wyman, D., and Kerrich, R., 1988,
Alkaline magmatism, major structures, and gold deposits: Implications for greenstone belt gold metallogeny: Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 454-461.

––– 1989,
Archean shoshonitic lamprophyres associated with Superior Province gold deposits: Distribution, tectonic setting, noble metal abundances, and significance for gold mineralization, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The Geology of Gold Deposits: The Perspective in 1988: Economic Geology Monograph 6, p. 651-657.

Wyman, D., Kerrich, R., and Fryer, B.J., 1987,
Gold mineralization overprinting iron formation at the Agnico-Eagle deposit, Quebec, Canada: Mineralogical, microstructural and geochemical evidence, in Macdonald, A.J., Downes, M., Pirie, J., and Chater, A.M., eds., Proceeding of Gold '86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold: p. 108-123.

Yeager, D.A., and Metcalfe, P., 1990,
Geology of the Stonehouse gold deposit, Iskut River area, B.C., in Vancouver '90: Geological Association of Canada/Mineralogical Association of Canada Joint Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Program with Abstracts 15, p. 143.

Young, M., and Helmstaedt, H.H., 2001,
Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Pickle Lake Greenstone Belt, Northwestern Superior Province, Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-C20, 22 p.

Yule, A., Mckenzie, C., and Zentilli, M., 1990,
Hope Brook: A new Appalachian gold deposit in Newfoundland, Canada, and the significance of hydrothermally altered mafic dikes: Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, v. 498, p. 29-42.

Zaleski, E., L'Heureux, R., Duke, N., Wilkinson, L., and Davis, W.J., 1999,
Komatiitic and felsic volcanic rocks overlain by quartzite, Woodburn Lake group, Meadowbank River area, western Churchill Province, Northwest Territories (Nunavut): Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1999-C, p. 9-18.

Ziehlke, D.V., 1983,
The Nor-Acme gold deposit, Manitoba: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 76, p. 80.

Zweng, P.L., Mortensen, J.K., and Dalrymple, G.B., 1993, Thermochronology of the Camflo gold deposit, Malartic, Quebec: Implications for magmatic underplating and the formation of gold-bearing quartz veins: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1700-1721.

xls version [XLS, 17.9 kb]

Table 1: Most productive Canadian districts for GQCV deposits

District	Geological Province	Production & Reserves (tonnes Au)*	Resources (tonnes Au)*
Timmins	Superior/Abitibi	2,072.9	78.5
Kirkland Lake	Superior/Abitibi	794.8	72.6
Val d'Or	Superior/Abitibi	638.9	171.6
Rouyn-Noranda	Superior/Abitibi	519.6	66.5
Larder Lake	Superior/Abitibi	378.7	14.5
Malartic	Superior/Abitibi	278.7	686.8
Red Lake**	Superior/Uchi	128.0	17.2
Joutel	Superior/Abitibi	61.4	27.5
Matheson	Superior/Abitibi	60.4	9.7
Cadillac	Superior/Abitibi	22.1	25.1
Pickle Lake	Superior/Uchi	90.4	8.1
Rice Lake	Superior/Uchi	51.6	25.2
Beardmore-Geraldton	Superior/Wabigoon	123.5	35.1
Michipicoten	Superior/Wawa	41.1	2.8
Mishibishu	Superior/Wawa	26.7	16.8
Goudreau-Lolshcach	Superior/Wawa	8.8	19.6
Flin Flon	Churchill	62.2	12.7
Lynn Lake	Churchill	19.5	14.6
La Ronge	Churchill	3.4	5.6
Keewatin	Churchill-Hearne	7.2	252.4
Yellowknife	Slave	432.8	16.6
MacKenzie	Slave	38.1	286.6
Cassiar	Cordillera	14.9	55.4
Baie Verte	Appalachian/Dunnage	10.3	8.9
*as of December 31, 2002 **does not include the Campbell-Red Lake, Cochenour and MacKenzie Red Lake deposits as they are not considered typical GQCV deposits

• Appendix 1
• Appendix 2

[Click on an image thumbnail to view a larger image, notice]

 

	Figure 1: Inferred crustal levels of gold deposition showing the different types of gold deposits and the inferred deposit clan (from Dubé et al., 2001; modified from Poulsen et al., 2000).
	Figure 2: World distribution of greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits containing at least 30 tonnes of Au.
	Figure 3: Simplified geological map of the Abitibi greenstone belt showing the distribution of major fault zones and gold deposits. Modified from Poulsen et al. (2000).
	Figure 4: Tonnage and grade repartition for gold deposits in the world containing at least 30 tonnes of Au.
	Figure 5: Tonnage vs. grade relationship of Canadian and worldAu deposits containing at least 30 tonnes of Au.
	Figure 6: (A) Quartz-breccia vein, Main Break, Kirkland Lake. (B) High-grade quartz veinlets, hosted by syenite with visible gold, disseminated pyrite, and traces of tellurides, Main Break, Kirkland Lake.
	Figure 7: (A) Laminated fault-fill veins, Pamour Mine, Timmins. (B) Closed up, laminated fault-fill veins showing iron-carbonatized wall-rock clasts. (C) Boudinaged fault-fill vein, section view, Dome Mine. (D) Arrays of extensional quartz veins, Pamour Mine. (E) Extensional quartz-tourmaline “flat vein” showing multiple stages of mineral growth perpendicular to the vein walls, Sigma Mine (from Poulsen et al., 2000). (F) Tourmaline-quartz vein, Clearwater deposit, James Bay area.
	Figure 8: Schematic diagram illustrating the geometric relationships between the structural element of veins and shear zones and the deposit-scale strain axes (from Robert, 1990).
	Figure 9: (A) Large boudinaged iron-carbonate vein, Red Lake district. (B) Iron carbonate pervasive replacement of an iron-rich gabbroic sill, Tadd prospect, Chibougamau. (C) Green carbonate rock showing fuchsite-rich replacement and iron-carbonate veining in a highly deformed ultramafic rock, Larder Lake. (D) Green carbonate alteration showing abundant green micas replacing chromite-rich ultramafics, Baie Verte, Newfoundland.
	Figure 10: (A) Diopside vein in biotite-actinolite-microcline-rich gold-bearing alteration, Madsen Mine, Red Lake. (B) Auriferous metasomatic hydrothermal layering with actinolite-rich and biotite-microcline-rich bands, MadsenMmine, Red Lake. (C) Gold-rich No. 8 vein showing visible gold in a carbonate-actinolite-diopside-rich vein, Madsen Mine, Red Lake.
	Figure 11: (A) Mylonitic foliation, Cadillac-Larder Lake Break, Val d'Or. (B) Close-up showing mylonitic foliation within Cadillac-Larder Lake Break, Val d'Or.
	Figure 12: (A) Vertical section of shear bands indicating a reverse-oblique sense of motion recorded by the gold-bearing Cape Ray fault zone, Newfoundland (from Dubé et al., 1996). (B) Section view showing reverse-oblique mylonite, Cape Ray fault zone, Newfoundland. (C) Section view showing auriferous quartz vein hosted by a second-order reverse shear zone, Cooke Mine, Chapais, Quebec (from Dubé and Guha, 1992).
	Figure 13: (A) Section view showing the 25 M oz Kirkland Lake Main Break. (B) Kirkland Lake Main Break in section view, note the brittle nature of the structure.
	Figure 14: (A) Timiskaming conglomerate, Kirkland Lake. (B) Mineralized quartz veins hosted by a carbonatized Timiskaming conglomerate, Pamour Mine, Timmins. (C) Mineralized quartz vein hosted by a discrete brittle-ductile high-strained zone hosted by weakly deformed Timiskaming conglomerate, Kirkland Lake. (D) Variolitic basalt, Vipond Formation, Tisdale Assemblage, Timmins.
	Figure 15: (A) Boudinaged ankerite vein with late quartz veins cutting the Paymaster porphyry, Dome Mine. (B) Boudinaged ankerite veins with syndeformation late extensional quartz veins, Dome Mine. (C) Massive ankerite Kurst vein cut by late gold-bearing extensional quartz vein, Dome Mine area. (D) Ankerite vein clast within Timiskaming conglomerate, Dome Mine (from Dubé et al., 2003). (E) Close-up of photo D (from Dubé et al., 2003). (F) Deformed quartz vein hosted by folded Timiskaming argillites, Dome Mine.
	Figure 16: Location of Canadian greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein districts.
	Figure 17: Fine-grained chloritized albitite dyke on the 4175 foot level of the McIntyre Mine, intruding sericitized Pearl Lake porphyry. Both the albitite dyke and the altered porphyry are cut by quartz-ankerite-albite veins (from Brisbin, 1997; photograph by Nadia Melnik-Proud, caption after Melnik-Proud, 1992; photo obtained by B. Dubé from D. Brisbin).
	Figure 18: Schematic diagram illustrating the setting of greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein deposits (from Poulsen et al., 2000).